Dualism i roto i te rapunga whakaaro rite te haputanga o te ao o whene

Ko te kupu "dualism" ahu te i te kupu Latin "rua". Kei roto i tēnei e tokāteline te ariā e reira e rua tīmatanga motuhake i roto i te ao. faaite ratou whene te i roto i te i'o (rauemi) me te töna wairua. Tenei ariā i roto i te kaupapa mohiotia mai Zaratrusty (628-551 BC) nei ngā pai, me te kino, ki ngā kāwai e rua rerekē.

I roto i te tawhito Kariki rapunga o a Plato ariā o te whene o te tinana me te wairua (te dualism tikanga tangata pera-ka karanga), a reira riro te oraraa o te dualism cosmological whakaurua i roto i te whakaaro, me te mea faufaa. kaupapa tahito i te awe e Iran, tuatahi whakawhanakehia e Zarathustra. kī ia i te oraraa o te ao i roto i nei pai, me te kanapa pakanga atua ki te kino, me te pouri mo aoniu mo te ao, me nga wairua o nga tangata.

Kua tipu tēnei dualism i roto i te kaupapa tahito kaha te whakaputa te matatika, whakawhitia ki te ao o te wairua, me te mea faufaa, e ka (i roto i Gnosticism), mea faufaa me te tinana, a koia te ao e pā ana te ki te timatanga o te kino. I te tahi atu te ringa, te wairua (wairua me ona parakore "ahau") he tīmatanga ma, me te kanapa. I roto i te akonoanga maha me ngā wāhi taumauri o te dualism tangata kei te whakawhanakehia me te whakaurua i roto i te parau haapiiraa o te wairua, me te tinana o te Atua, me te rewera.

Philosophy Karaitiana te whakangaromia e "arawhata o te aroha me te ataahua" o Plato, te wahi i te tino o te whakaaro i roto i te Absolute whakahē ana te ao o ngā ōritenga, te tia ore hanga. I roto i te Karaitiana, whene tangata - ko te incompatibility taketake o tärua ka whakahuatia pato'iraa ki te hara, me mau viretu e te nuinga mārama whakahuatia i roto i te mau papa'iraa o Spinoza. Dualism i roto i te kaupapa o te Te Tai Rāwhiti he Kāore, rite ona ngā tikanga whai wāhi māramatanga tahi me te taunekeneke i waenganui i te wairua me te tinana, te aroaro o "Yin" me "yang" i roto i tetahi tītohunga, e rua rauemi, me te wairua.

Ka rite ki i whakawhanakehia te ariā o dualism i te rapunga whakaaro o te wā i muri mai e te Descartes, e karangatia e ia he māngai kanapa. whanau Descartes i roto i France i roto i 1596 i runga i Maehe 31.

Life me mātauranga Descartes ka mau waru nga tau wahi i roto i te kura Jesuit, te wahi e tango ana ia i te matauranga taketake mā te haere tonu ratou mātauranga i roto i te Netherlands. He tu ia tino i te ara ki te ako pāngarau, rapunga whakaaro, ahupūngao, whaiaroaro, me tātai arorangi. I roto i te Netherlands, i roto o ana mahi, i kua meinga rongonui. Ko te rongo nui mai i muri i te whakaputanga o "Discourse i runga i Tikanga". Mahi i runga i te pukapuka, me te whakaputa i te reira uaua ki te patu i te whakataki, ko te kupu te huri i te ingoa Descartes me te whakatikatika i te kuputuhi.

Huri noa te pukapuka kotahi i reira he tautohetohe wera, i reira he iti āwangawanga o Descartes, e te reira, nui atu i te tauhohenga o te whakataki, pera tata rite i te pūtahitanga o te rau tau 17 me te 18 tahuna J. Bruno, Galileo, whakataua me philosopho arero haea Vanini, e ka i tahuna ano hoki. I muri, ka mohiotia nga mahi o Descartes i roto i France rite whakapono, me te whakahe i ki kia tahuna. Descartes te nuinga o tona ora i roto i te Holland. I te tau o 54, ka mate ia o te kakā, maremare, i Switzerland, te wahi i takoha ia ki te haere i runga i te tono o te Kuini.

ka huihui te wā "dualism" i roto i te kaupapa ki te tohi o te tangata tohe German C. Wolff (1679-1749), me te riro te oraraa me ngā taunekeneke o te rauemi me te parau tumu i te pae varua i roto i te ao, me te i roto i te tangata. Ko te hiranga o te pato'iraa i waenganui i te pai me te kino, te wā e whakamahia ana e T. Hyde i roto i 1700, te faaohiparaa i tenei ariā i roto i ngā mahi karakia. He tikanga rite ki te ariā o te dualism hoatu P. Bayle me Leibniz.

Apee me ngā māngai o te dualism whakawhanakehia i roto i to ratou rangahau te ariā o te neke mea o Descartes, me te te ariā o te āhua metaphysical o te pāngarau, dialectic me te āhuahanga analytic. mahi taumauri o Spinoza, Kant, Rickert i rapunga whakaaro hou - Rorty me maha atu philosopho whakawhirinaki i runga i te whakatau, me mau marôraa mana'o o te kaupapa tuaka o dualism.