Ecology: te ahanoa me te taiao whāinga, tikanga

Ōnuku ture, rapu me te whākinga a te whanaungatanga i waenganui i te tangata me te āhua, me te te hanga o te tauira tino pai o tenei pāhekoheko - ko tenei te mea te pūtaiao o te rauropi. whāinga Kaupapa me te taiao, ngā whāinga, me ngā tikanga o te rangahau - he aha e ratou? Ka tenei e kōrero atu.

He aha te mea mātauranga rauropi?

Ko te pūtaiao, i nei, i roto i te meka, tei runga i te heke mai o te hapori tangata. I roto i te rau tau XXI, kua kaha te raruraru i roto i te hononga i waenganui i te tangata me te taiao ki te rohe, na nga whāinga matua me ngā whāinga taiao takoto i roto i te kimi huarahi ki te whakatau i te pakanga.

mai te ingoa i marau wōnati kupu e rua: "Oikos" - "whare, te kāinga" me "waitohu" - "whakaako". I te tau 1866, i te tuatahi whakahuatia pūtaiao "taupuhi kaiao", i raro, me ngā raruraru e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga o te ngā o ngā hapori o kaiao ki ia atu, me te ki te taiao ora. tapa tenei wā ko te pūtaiao Tiamana Ernst Haeckel i te whārangi o te pukapuka "Te Morphology whānui o kaiao."

Whānui e korero ana, te ahanoa o ako o rauropi takoto i roto i nga whanaunga o te rauropi, me te ao huri noa ratou, ka rite ki te pai kia rite i roto i te ako o te hanganga me te whakahaere o rauwiringa me taupori, mau tonu tikanga wehenga ratou pūmautanga i roto i te mara wāhi-wā.

Ko te ngako o Ecology XXI-st rautau

i te mutunga o te rau tau XIX anake kua hanga e te reira i te pūtaiao me te mātauranga rauropi. I whāiti te ahanoa me te whakaaro o ia i taua wa ki te ako o te hononga o kaiao ora ki te taiao o to ratou noho. I roto i te meka, taua noho ai tae noa ki te rau tau waenganui-rua tekau, me te pupuri tonu i nga āhuatanga o te pekanga pono koiora.

Ki te mutunga o te rau tau whakamutunga, kei te hoko i te taiao tetahi o te waihanga (whitinga) pūtaiao tuatahi. I tčnei wā, kua puritia reira tona ingoa Kariki. Ko te pono, ko te, i roto i tona ngako kore he, tino tika whakaata te whāinga taiao matua.

Modern Ecology XXI Century - te pūtaiao o te rautaki mō te tiaki me te whanaketanga tauwhiro o te ora i runga i te whenua kia rite ki te katoa. Ko te misioni matua o tenei ako tenei, te whakakotahi āhuatanga ariā, me te mahi.

Ecology: te kaupapa me te raruraru taiao

Ko te taputapu huarahi matua o tetahi pūtaiao i roto i manakohia o tona kaupapa, me ngā mahi matatini. "Knowledge o te āhua o te ōhanga," - te titiro Ernst Haeckel ecology tenei. whāinga Kaupapa me te taiao - he aha e ratou? Kia tamata o ki te kōmaka i tenei take.

Hei whakautu i tēnei pātai e hiahia ana koe ki te whakawhirinaki i runga i te pai-mohiotia i roto i te parau tumu pūnaha pūtaiao. E whakarato ana i te māramatanga o ngā pūnaha tūturu rite he, pūnaha integrated kotahi. I runga anō i te parau tumu o pūnahanaha, ahanoa o ako o rauropi ko te rauwiringa kaiao (ranei kaua, he hauropi o rarangi rerekē).

whāinga Ecology i roto i tona whanaketanga ki te whakahoki e rua ngā pātai taketake:

1. He aha te mea te hanganga o te rauwiringa kaiao.
2. Pehea e mahi i te reira, a kei te whakawhanake i te rauwiringa kaiao.

Fakatatau ki ai, kua wehea te taiao katoa ki ngā wāhanga nui e rua: ko te hanganga me te hihiri. Na ko tokorua o ratou i roto i ngā tata.

I runga anō i te parau tumu pūtaiao o te pūnaha, ko reira taea hoki ki te ata te mea i raro o tenei pūtaiao: te ako o te hanganga, ngā āhuatanga me ngā tauira o te rauwiringa kaiao mahi i ngā taumata.

He aha e nga whāinga whakatakotoria iho te pūtaiao o te mātauranga rauropi? taea te kitea te whai i a ratou:

1. ako General me whānui o te ao koiora me tona whanaketanga i raro i te mana o ngā āhuatanga.
2. Matapae akiaki o rauwiringa kaiao i parae wāhi-wā.
3. Whanaketanga o ngā huarahi ki te arotau i te hononga i waenganui i te tangata me te āhua i roto i te tikanga ki te whakapai ake i te kounga o te ora i runga i te ao rite te katoa.

Place Ecology i roto i te pūnaha mātauranga pūtaiao whānui

fakatahai Ecology Modern āhuatanga o taiao, te tangata, tangohia me pūtaiao hangarau. Koiora, geography, rongoā, ohaoha, hinengaro, pāpori me te whakahaere taiao - enei me etahi atu pekanga he reira i roto i ngā tata.

I tua atu, i te pekanga o te ara o te rauropi ki ētahi atu tikanga tata ki reira i hanga he ako tino hou, me te whakaongaonga. I roto ia ratou - bioecology, geo-rauropi, engineering rauropi, noospherology me te rite.

Ko te hanganga o te pūtaiao kaiao hou

Ki te rā, i reira e neke atu i te 100 ūnga i roto i te pūtaiao taiao, ia o nei mahi i roto i te take kuiti. He maha ngā whakarōpūtanga taiao, ia o nei hanga i runga i ona mau parau tumu. Ko te tino whai kiko, me te whaitake ko te hanganga whakaarohia e te pūtaiao M. Reimers.

tuku ia ki faaite pūtaiao taiao ki e rua poraka nui:

1. rauropi ariā.
2. Applied Ecology.

Ko te tuatahi ngā BIOECOLOGY me ona wawahanga maha katoa, me te hākinakina. Ko te kōwae He wāhanga o Applied Ecology geoecology, sotsioekologiya, Biospherology me engineering taiao me ona manga.

He wahi tino nui i roto i te poraka tono hipokina engineering ecology - te ako o te āhuatanga, me ngā paearu mō te poke taiao. Kei te maha ano tuku te reira i tehnoekologiey. Kei roto te reira i maha pekanga: taupuhi kaiao pūngao, rauropi o waka me kōrero, te taiao ahuwhenua, te taiao rangi, aromatawai pānga taiao me ētahi atu.

E tano ia tapao e hangaia ia o enei pekanga te ki te whakaoti i te whānuitanga o ngā raruraru, me mau tamataraa. I roto i tenei take, te whakamahi ratou katoa te whanaketanga me ngā whakatutukitanga o ētahi atu pekanga taiao.

Whāinga me ngā tikanga o te mātauranga rauropi

I roto i te tikanga ki te whakaoti i te raruraru matatini o tona pūtaiao taiao whakamahi i te whānuitanga o ngā tikanga rerekē ngā tūmomo. Ka taea te māngai ratou e ngā rōpū matua e toru:

1. Methods mō kohikohi mōhiohio i runga i te mana, me te te mahi o rauwiringa kaiao.
2. Methods mō te tukanga i te mōhiohio riro.
3. Methods o te whakamārama i te rauemi me ngā hua.

Ko te tikanga tino rongonui whakamahia i roto i te rauropi tenei ra: he kitea tū, me te whakamātau, pāngarau, mahere, me te tikanga whakatauira. I teie mahana, he hanga rawa rongonui o tauira pāngarau. Hoki tenei tauira rauwiringa kaiao waitara e hāngai ana i runga i te tangohia "i roto i te" meka tëtehi me rauemi (ki pūāhua motuhake). Na, te huri i te uara o te tahi mau tawhā, koutou e taea e ngāwari mau pehea ki te tikanga (rerekē) pūnaha.

I roto i te mutunga ...

Tata te hawhe rau i mua whakatika pūtaiao i te whanaketanga angitu e pā i tenei ra te heke mai o te mau taata atoa. Ko te ingoa o tenei pūtaiao - rauropi. whāinga Kaupapa me te taiao e ki ako i te āhuatanga me ture o te mahi o rauwiringa kaiao, e kua whakawhanakehia i runga i te pūtake o ngā rautaki whanaketanga tauwhiro o te ora i runga i to tatou paraneta. tangata Modern kore e hiahia ki te whakamatautau i te tikanga o te oraraa o tenei pūtaiao.