Ethology - te pūtaiao o nga mea katoa o te whanonga tumu o te kararehe, me te tangata

I mohio koe e rangahau ethology? I muri te pānui i tēnei tuhinga, ka ako koe i te whakahoki ki tēnei pātai. I tua atu, whakaahua tatou nga ariā taketake me ngā ariā kōrero i roto i te anga o tenei pūtaiao. "Ethology" - he kupu i whakamahia i roto i te hawhe 2 o te 18 atu - wawe rautau 19. Heoi, i reira whakamahia reira anake i roto i te pā ana ki te tangata ki te kōrero ki te pūāhua e hāngai ana i runga i te ako o ngā tohu tona tikanga me te.

ethology Classical

I te timatanga o te ethology rautau 20 - ko reira he ako pūtaiao motuhake. Tuatahi, kua ako ai me ngā nekehanga stereotypical instincts kararehe - whai wāhi i roto i to ratou whakamāramatanga me te whakahaere tātari whakatairite.

Ethology - te pūtaiao, te takanga o nei e pā ana te ki te mahi o Ch O. Uitmena, W. Craig O. Heynrota.. Kua pūtaiao Classical tae te tihi o te whanaketanga i roto i te mahi o N. Tinbergen, K. Lorenz, Karl von Frisch. Enei pūtaiao i roto i to ratou mahi whakatakotoria nga turanga o ethology. Kei te mahi te arotahi matua o te rangahau i runga i te tātaritanga o te āhuatanga o te hihiri. K. Lorenz te whakaaro e te tauira waipēhi o whanonga, e whakamārama te mahi, e te mea he, katoa o ona mana. Pūtaiao tuhia e te tupu hihiri (hei tauira, ki te tangohia te kararehe e o te kai) penapena pūngao motuhake attributable ki tenei momo o te whanonga anake. Te reira i te tahi wa ki te ia kia tino u ki te kitea te ara i roto i. No te mea o tenei, te kararehe i roto i fakamasiva kai e hāngai whakaatu i rapu o mahi toitoi kai. I muri i te otinga o etahi mahi whanonga (i roto i to tatou take - waiwai) mai wāhanga okiokinga. e kore e taea te kitea i tēnei whanonga (hei tauira, te kai) i roto i tenei wā.

redefining ariā

Ethology - te pūtaiao, i roto i nei i reira ko tetahi ö o ariā i runga i te wā. Nā ki te matauranga putu, he tokomaha o ratou e kore i taea e makona pūtaiao. Kua kitea e kore te tātari whāriki o te hihiri whakahohenga me te hihiri o te ariā e ngā rangahau whanonga, engari haafifi i te reira. ngakau rua ahau e nga tauira e whakamārama te haaputuputuraa o te kaha hihiri, he whai hua.

Scientists no ki te kura puāwaitanga, kua arotahi ki runga i te ako o te whanonga tumu, whakaritea ira. Heoi, ahakoa tenei, kia tuhia te reira e rite te ahanoa o ratou rangahau he whanonga pūnaha wāhi. Kei roto te reira e kore anake nga mea timatanga kowhatu, engari riro ano hoki.

ethology hou

ethology Modern - ko te pūtaiao o te whanonga kararehe me te tangata e haere mai ki te wāhanga hou o tona rangahau. mahi ngātahi ia ki zoopsychology me hinengaro whakatairite. I teie mahana e nehenehe tatou e te korero e pā ana ki te takenga mai o te ahua o te pūtaiao waihanga. Whanonga te ako reira ngā. Ethology - te pūtaiao o tona kunenga, te auraa mahi, me te urutau. I tua atu, ako he tikanga mō whanonga aroturuki me ētahi atu.

Ko te mahi matua o te ethology hou

Ethologists i runga i te meka e pehea kararehe tikanga me te iwi i roto i to ratou taiao, kei te tata hono ki te Morphology o te ahanoa te nuinga ki te hanganga o te pūnaha io. mārama neke atu Scientists i tuku iho rangahau "instincts." he kore ki te whakatau i ahua o te whanonga, me te te nui whakaritea e te mana o te taiao tohuira ranei te wero matua. I roto i 1977 tuhituhi te LV Krushinsky e te pātai o riro congenital ranei puka o whanonga e kore tikanga. Ka taea e tatou mahino anake ratou i te taumata o tona whanaketanga, "te teitei o te hinengaro," me te te kaha ki etahi mahi i roto i te māngai o te taxa rerekē. I tua atu, ka taea e tatou te whakatau i te whānuitanga o te rerekētanga o enei mahi, no te mea he reira whakauaua tuku.

whanonga tura'i

hanga Ethology kua he takoha nui ki te whanaketanga o te tikanga ā iwi. Ko e tika ana ki te meka i whakamatauria te oraraa o takere o tenei whanonga tangata me te kararehe. E kore te mea i whakaritea ira, rite ki ngā ariā hou o pūtaiao. Heoi, e kore e tenei tikanga e ko ore ngohengohe ki te mana o te taiao te whanonga. He he ano hoki te predisposition whanonga i roto i te tangata, me te kararehe. Kei te pā te reira ki te meka e te taea o takitahi ako i ratou rohe. Nature sensorimotor taputapu haamau ona ake whāititanga i runga i takitahi. Haunga, ehara i te mea mure ore, me nga āhuatanga o te pūnaha io, me te kaha ki te kite ngā mōhiohio. He maha ethologists inaianei whakarere fakakaukau o hihiri i noa mua. whakapono ratou e pā ana tenei ariā ki te ari, kua matau tonu painga te āhua o nei.

Whanonga me te whaiaroaro

I ngā taumata rerekē o ethologists whakamārama te āhua o te whanonga: ethological, hinengaro, whaiaroaro. Hoki te taumata whakamutunga ngā tairongo-perceptual, humoral me io tikanga. Heoi, ko te huarahi whaiaroaro ki te whanonga farerei fifi nui. Ko e tika ana ki te meka e tonu awe i te whanonga, me te whai pānga ngā tikanga whaiaroaro ia atu tenei. Whaiaroaro, i runga i te ringa kotahi, whakahaere te whanonga. Heoi, ki te titiro koe i runga i te tahi atu i te ringa, tupu rite katoa te ritenga. I muri i te katoa, kia whakahaere i te whanonga tukanga whaiaroaro. Kei te mohiotia te reira, hei tauira, ngā pānga endocrine i whakakitenga o fakaaoao. I tua atu, e matau ana tatou e raro i te mana o te whanonga kia huri ngā taumata taiki i te toto o te kararehe. Ko te reta tata i waenganui i te rua kōrero e whaiaroaro, kaua, he tikanga ā-mō te whakatinana i te whanonga, nui atu i tona kaha taraiwa me te take.

Whanonga me te Psychology

whakaherea ya Badridze ko Ovsianiko ki te kitea te kī ki te māramatanga o te tukanga o te moni ethology i runga i te taumata hinengaro. Enei kaituhi whakapono e te mea e tika ana ki te whakamahi i te ariā motuhake mō te mahara ki nga tikanga hinengaro o te whanonga. Ko reira e pā ana ki te whakamarie hinengaro. I roto i te tauira, enei pūtaiao tukua atu rite te whanonga peia o te pūnaha. Tenei huarahi tā whakaaro tetahi whakautu whanonga, rite āhua hinengaro e rua - hūhi whakamarie, me te. I roto i tenei oranga muri i roto i te taurite kitea āhua hinengaro i roto i te ngaro o te totohe i waenganui i te mahi o nāianei, te hiahia me ngā āhuatanga taiao. Hāneanea, āhua whārite fakaeongo pai. kitea hūhi te ka whakarārangitia tetahi o nga āhuatanga e toru i runga ake, i te aroaro ki te toenga. Ēnei huringa hoatu ara ki kare kino.

Model Badridze ko Ovsyanikova

Model Badridze J. ko N. Ovsyanikova riro e te kararehe i roto i to ratou whanonga ahu ki te whakaora i te āhua o te whakamarie hinengaro. Ki te mahi i tenei, e whai ana ratou ki te kia e ngā tawhā katoa kei roto i te rārangi ki ia atu. I roto i tenei whakapae, mōhio tatou nga āhuatanga pai e whai ake: taea te whakamahi i te reira i hurinoa i pā ana ki te tātaritanga o te whanonga o ngā kaiao i te taumata takitahi. I tua atu, tenei huarahi ko te whakamātau ki te kitea huarahi e whakahaere i roto i te whanonga pūnaha. Na te toru o nga wāhi - te āhukahuka e e taea ki te matapae i te akoranga o ngā i roto i te taiao ā-tinana, me te pāpori, me te whakarite o ratou ake mahi i roto i te runga ki huringa taea kararehe.

whakaata tenei nga whakaaro o te ethology hou e pā ana ki te tūranga o te mohio, me te kohatu i roto i te whanonga kararehe. Heoi, i reira e ano āhuatanga kino. Tenei rangirua o tenei huarahi, me te kore o ngā tikanga mō te ine i te toenga ā, āhua aronganui. I tua atu, ko reira mārama pehea e taea whanonga ethology kararehe aromatawai ratou hiahia.

huarahi Ethological ki whanonga

I roto i te RV Hind huarahi ethological ineine hāngai ana ki te tātaritanga o te whanonga o te tikanga ā-i roto i te rōpū, me ngā taumata takitahi. whakanuitia te reira e kore e taea te iti ona ture i runga i te taumata pāpori ki te moni o te mau faaiteraa i runga i te raro.

Ko te whanaungatanga me te taunekeneke i waenganui i ngā tāngata takitahi

kua tata te tangata, me te kararehe ethology kua tokanga nui ki kore tātari i te whanonga o takitahi, me te ako o te hononga me te taunekeneke i waenganui i a ratou. Kei te riro te reira e ia takitahi taunekeneke ki ētahi atu, he ona ake whakaaro e pā ana ki te whanonga ka taea o hoa, e ōrite ana ki te āhuatanga i homai. riro Takitahi te kanohi e tika ana i runga i te pūtake o te wheako mua ki te mau melo o to ratou iho momo. Ki te tauhou tae e rua takitahi ki whakapā he kino, iti ratou whanonga te rota whakaaturanga matua anake. Ko te maha nui ki te hanga tetahi o ratou uru hinga tenei kōrero.

Tenei meka whakaatu reira tāpaetanga. E te reira wahi i roto i te ara rangimarie i roto o te meka e mau taata e taea ki te tāutu i ngā whai wāhitanga, me te faahepo i te hoariri ki tohu waho (hauora me te mana kai, te rahi, ngākau, mārōrō te, tau, me te pera i runga i. D.). Ki te whai takitahi i te rota o te wā e taunekeneke ana ki ia atu, i waenganui ia ratou i reira he hononga motuhake, e kua kawea atu ki te whakamārama o hoapā pāpori. Whakaae, Ko te tino ngahau tenei pūtaiao. Kei te kore i roto i te noa e hoko atu rongonui Ethology tenei ra. Pea e kore te tangata e kore e e hiahia i roto i te whakamārama o te whanonga.

whatunga hononga

I te wā nei, he rārangi o te mea ako ethology, kīnaki e ngā wāhi hou o te rangahau. tamata ia ki te kitea i roto i te maha o ngā pātai, te whakautu ki i te mea e kore e taea ki te hoatu, e hāngai ana i runga i ariā tuku iho o te parapara me te hihiri. Tuatahi o te katoa, ki te ako aha hanganga tonu ngā pūnaha pāpori tangata, me te kararehe, me te aha e whakaritea tata tonu enei hanganga i roto i te tikanga aroākapa.

I roto i te whatunga o whanaunga o kararehe e whakaahuatia i roto i ngā o te sex, whanaungatanga, selectivity takitahi, ngā pūnaha o te faatîtîraa. I roto i te tangata, he nui atu kanorau ratou. kia īnaki whatunga (i roto i ngā i roto i te rōpū o pirimete uri, whanaungatanga me ngā hononga paetukutuku), engari ka taea e hoki te tīariari wehe i ia atu (hei tauira, he hononga taiohi whatunga ki hoa i te kura, me te i roto i te utuafare). Tomo ki te hononga, te rōpū o te mau taata kėia hanganga pāpori. He mea nui ki te mōhio e kua i roto i te taumata ngā o te whīwhiwhi pāpori kua he pokanoa on.

pahono matou ki te pātai e pā ana ki te aha ethology. Tāutu i ngā wāhi o tona rangahau i mahia kua rua i roto i ngā kōrero o mua, me te i roto i ngā o te huarahi rerekē. O te akoranga, ka whakaahua matou anake nga uiraa tumu o te pūtaiao i roto i tenei aronga. Ka rite ki ethology tono me ariā kaha whakawhanake i tenei ra, na i roto i te heke mai, pea, i reira ka kia wāhi hou o te rangahau.