Fridrih Rattsel me ana whakaaro matua

I te mutunga o te rau tau 19, te nuinga Fridrih Rattsel te scene matawhenua i roto i Germany. Tuatahi o te katoa, i whai wāhi ia i roto i te tikanga tūturu, me te pūtaiao o te whenua kua riro he hono i waenganui ia ratou me te ako o te tangata. riro ia tona tākutatanga i roto i te mätai kararehe, te tātai me te anatomy whakatairite, ka meinga te anthropogeography kaiwhakarewa.

Rattsel Fridrih: biography

Fanauhia i roto i te tau 1844, i kuraina Ratzel i te maha o ngä whare wänanga German. I te tau 1872 tae mai ia Italy, me te United States me Mexico i 1874-75, aua. haere ahau ki a Eastern Europe, a mahi ana i nga whare wānanga o Munich me Leipzig. I runga i te nāianei o Darwin i nui te awe e te ariā o te kukuwhatanga. Ratzel ki te tono i enei ariā ki te hapori tangata. I mua ia ia, te turanga o te geography nahanaha whakatakotoria te Alexander von Humboldt, a-rohe - Carl Ritter. faaitehia i Paschel ko Richthofen te mau parau tumu no te te ako pūnahanaha o te āhuatanga o to tatou paraneta.

Fridrih Rattsel tuatahi whakaritea nga āhua o ngā iwi me nga iwi, a ko te kupu tohua te timatanga o te rangahau pūnahanaha i te mara o te geography pāpori-ōhanga. I ia te ngākau nui i roto i nga iwi, iwi, me nga iwi, a i muri i te tūhuratanga mara tapa te wā "anthropogeography", whakaahua reira rite te aronga matua o te ako o te whenua. i whakawhanakehia Ratzel geography o Ritter, wehewehe i te reira ki tikanga tangata, me te tōrangapū.

riro Rongonui tona ariā organic o te kāwanatanga (ranei ora lebensraum wāhi), i roto i nei whakaritea e ia te reira ki te kukuwhatanga o te rauropi ora.

konohi Germany

Ratzel, he aivanaa o ngā ngākau nuitanga rangahau kanorau, ko te konohi pūmau. I te timatanga o te Pakanga Franco-Prussia o 1870, piri ia nga ngohi o te ope Prussia a ka werohia te whawhai rua. I muri whakakotahitanga Tiamana i roto i te tau 1871, i oti rawa ia ia ki ako i te āhua noho o te Tiamana ora ki waho. Ki te mahi i tenei, tae mai ia Hungary me Transylvania. haere ana ia i runga i tona misioni, a i roto i 1872, i muri i whiti nga māeroero, tae mai Italy.

Jobs i roto i Amerika

I roto i te tau haere 1874-75 Fridrih Rattsel ki te United States me Mexico, ko te kupu whakawhänui te hōkai o ratou rangahau. I roto i te US, ako ia economics, hanganga pāpori me te wāhi noho o te iwi taketake, me te iwi, rawa te ora o Inia. I tua atu, ka whakatata ia ratou whakarongo ki te mangumangu, me te Hainamana e noho ana i roto i te wahi pokapū o te United States, te Midwest ko California. I runga i tona rangahau, tamata ia ki te hanga i etahi ariā whānui e pā ana ki regularities matawhenua meinga e whakapā i waenganui i te fefeka whakawhänui me te whati rōpū o te iwi.

Fridrih Rattsel: anthropogeography

I roto i te 1875, i muri i whakaoti rangahau i roto i te US ko Mexico, hoki ana ia ki a Germany, a i roto i 1876 i whakaritea ahorangi i te University o Leipzig. I te tau 1878 me te 1880 whakaputaina e ia e rua ngā pukapuka i runga i Amerika Te Tai Tokerau, e pā ana ki tona geography tinana, me te ahurea.

Te pukapuka, i nei mohiotia te aivanaa Tiamana ka puta noa i te ao, i oti i waenganui i 1872 me 1899 tau. kumea ana Fridrih Rattsel whakaaro taketake i te tātaritanga o te mana o ngā āhuatanga tinana o te whenua, me te ara ora te iwi. Ko te rōrahi tuatahi o "anthropogeography" Ko te ako o te hononga i waenganui i te tangata me te whenua, me te tuarua - te ako o tona pānga i runga i te taiao. hāngai ana te mahi o Ratzel i runga i te ariā e takoto mahi a te tangata e tona taiao tinana. I roto i tenei pepa tirohia te kaituhi te geography tangata i roto i ngā o takitahi me iwi. E ai ki a ia, e kore e taea e noho whakatārewatia te hapori i roto i te rangi. I muri, DG ia etahi determinism o tona ariā, ka mea e whai wāhi te iwi i roto i te kēmu o te natura, a ko te taiao he hoa, e kore te pononga o te mahi a te tangata.

Ratzel Darwin tono te ariā o te hapori tangata. kōrero ana tēnei faaauraa e whai rōpū o te iwi ki te uaua ki te ora i roto i etahi taiao pērā i ngā tipu me ngā kararehe. mohiotia ana tēnei huarahi ko rite "Darwinism pāpori." Ratzel ko te kaupapa taketake o "ora o te koutu" i roto i te taiao-a-tinana.

whakatö-o militarism

I roto i te 1890 kaha taunaki ia te ärai o German rohe tāwāhi, me te hanga i tona kaipuke ahei o te wero Ingarangi. faaite ana whakaaro pānga mokowā o te pakanga Darwinian mō te oraraa. I roto i runga ki te "ture" o te tupu rohe ki te tupu, kia whakawhānui te kāwanatanga, me "kia whakawhānui puka teitei o te ao i te utu o te raro." Ko mahara taiao enei ture, hoatu te whakakotahitanga tata o Germany, ā-State totohe i roto i Europe (i whakawhanakehia kē General Schlieffen te mahere ki te whakaekea France) me te ara o te hau emepera (i wehea Africa i te Conference Berlin i te 1884-85 tau). Titiro whakahoki Ratzel te kerēme rohe o te whenua. I muri i tona matenga, me te geopolitics Tuatahi o te Ao Pakanga Tiamana ora anthropogeography whakaaro ki te makona ratou ake hiahia, me te, rite te tupu, i whakataua ana mahi e pūtaiao Ingarangi, me te American.

Ko te tika ki te wāhi ora

I roto i te 1897, i tuhituhi Fridrih Rattsel "geography tōrangapū", i roto i i whakaritea e ia te āhua ki te tinana. Scientists tautohe e ko te reira, rite etahi rauropi ohie me rānei tupu ranei mate, a kore e taea tu tonu. Kua waihangatia Fridriha Rattselya ariā o "wāhi ora" totohe e pā ana ki te iwi pai me te iti iho, te kī e whai i te tika ki te whakawhānui i tona rohe ( "wāhi ora") i te utu o iti taepū noho tata nga iwi tino whakawhanakehia. faaitehia i ia ona whakaaro, ka mea e te toronga o te kāwanatanga o ona rohe i te utu o te ngoikore ko te whakaata o tona kaha i roto. Ko te whakatau iwi whakamuri teitei o te iwi, te mahi i te hiahia tūturu. Ko te kupu, Fridrih Rattsel, nei geopolitics ka kaha i Siamane i te thirties, kua whai wāhi ki te pakarutanga o te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao.

Ngā wāhanga o te whanaketanga o te hapori

Te matapaki i te mana o te taiao-a-tinana i runga i te tangata, tohe anthropogeography Tiamana e kua ahu whakamua te hapori tangata i roto i ngā wāhanga. Aua kaupae e:

• hopu me te hī;
• hoe ahurea;
• ngaki;
• pāmu whakauru i roto i nei e whakauru ahuwhenua me te kararehe mara;
• mara kararehe i whakananua,;
• hua.

Ia, Heoi, ka mea ehara i te mea e tika ana e hapori katoa haere i roto i te taua wāhanga o ōhanga.

E uouangatahá i roto i te Diversity

I aua ra, i reira kua he hua nui i roto i te matauranga, me te mōhiohio; tae raraunga i roto i ngā rahinga nui i ngā pito o te whenua. āhuatanga ia rohe te ake taiao tinana he ara rerekē o ngā momo hanga, me te ora. tamata Ratzel ki te hanga i te "kotahitanga taketake i roto i te kanorau".

Kua kite te pūtaiao Tiamana te whanautanga o te kōrero mo te Häiti i waenganui i geography tinana, me te oha-pori. Aivanaa pērā i Dzhordzh Dzherald, whakapono e mahi tenei pūtaiao ki te ako o te whenua kia rite ki te katoa, kahore tohutoro ki te tangata. whakapono ratou e taea anake te whakaturia te ture tangohia ki te waho te tangata i reira no te mea he tino ohorere tona whanonga. Kua hoatu mua Ratzel te wāhi tuwhena o te tirohanga, e whakaatu ana i te geography tinana o te rohe o te pūtaiao, i roto i nei i te tangata, ko te he huānga nui. whakanohoia e ia mua i te parau tumu o te kotahitanga i roto i te kanorau, mea e i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga taiao he tangata e take tonu, kia ki tino matau te kōpaki matawhenua o te whenua he tika ki te synthesize te momo o taiao, me te ahurea.

Whakarāpopoto, ka taea e tatou te mea i hua te mahi o Ratzel, whakaaro rawa te nui whakaputa ratou tautohetohe hinengaro i runga i ngā taha e rua o te Atlantic. Outlook o te pūtaiao i roto i tona kaha whakaako me te rangahau ki te nuinga mō ngā tekau tau.