He aha he huakita me o ratou tūranga i roto i te natura

Huri noa te mutunga o XIX rautau, ka anga pūtaiao ki te whakaemi mōhiotanga e pā ana ki te rerekētanga i waenganui i prokaryotic me pūtau eukaryotic , a pera āta tohaina he rangatiratanga motuhake o te rauropi, kore ngā o pārōnaki o nga pūtau, - kapoke. Heoi, he aha nga huakita i taua wa ratou anake i ki ako: anake i roto i te rau tau XX. Kua tenei matauranga kua systematized. Ko te huakita e whakanohoia i roto i ngā taiao katoa, i te mea e taea ki te hanga ake mea organic. e tukua ana ratou mahana tiketike, me te iti, salinity me te kawatanga. Ko te kupu, e noho te rangatiratanga o te huakita kore anake i roto i te taiao, te wahi hanehane ratou mea organic mo ratou oranga, engari ano Inia tokomaha o nga kiriuhi mucous o kararehe, me te tangata populates, te āwhina ki te ngaungau kai, me te whakataetae ki te tukumate. Rawa nui ratou tūranga i roto i te pākia e hauota, mai cyanobacteria e nehenehe o whāwhā hauota kōhauhau anake. Heoi, etahi huakita ko nga māngai fakatupu o mate: rinderpest, anaerobic me mate intestinal, pakewakewa, korara me mua.

Morphology

Ultrastroenie huakita kitea anake ki te karu whārahi irahiko, Heoi, e taua huakita, a pehea titiro ratou ki runga ki te waho, ka taea e kite koe me Microscopy rumaki whakamahi i ngā tikanga poke motuhake. Ngā āhuatanga o enei microorganisms taea rerekē i 0.1 ki te 10 microns, engari ka taea te Morphology o te huakita ki te wehe ratou ki ngā rōpū matua e toru: porohita - cocci (Pālesi, kau ma'u me tetra-, streptococci me sartsiny), tokotoko - bacilli (Pālesi, diplo- , streptococci) me whiria - vibrio, spirilla me spirochetes. I raro i ki te tikanga taiwhanga whakatau i te momo, me te e tupu ngā āhuatanga o te pūmua whākōkī i mau motuhake ranei pāpāho matūkai i roto i koroni hanganga, me i roto i ngā taiao rerekē, me te whai ratou i te tauira rerekē o te tipu.

hanganga

I roto i te whānui, he aha te huakita whakatau ratou ultrastructure. Waho i rongoa huakita taiepa pūtau, arā, o ngā papa o peptidoglycan, waikawa teichoic me lipid. Kukū tuatahi whakatau te kaha o nga huakita Gram poke e te tikanga i roto i te pani, rite ki nei Whakaröpütia ratou i roto i GY + ko Gr. i atu hanganga paruru etahi o ratou - te capsule kei roto K antigen me ārai ratou phagocytosis roto moroiti, pānga paitini me ngā āhuatanga aunoa. Ki te ako atu e pā ana ki te mea i nga huakita, he tika ki te ako i to ratou hanganga intracellular reira: kua ki tonu i te huakita i te cytoplasm, i rewa atu organelles (ribosomes, chromatophores) me te whakaurunga o ngā matūkai (lipids, huka). kihai i enei, rite prokaryotes katoa whakaputaina te karihi, me te kei te rongoa te mōhiohio iranga katoa i roto i te rāpoi ngota waikawa karihi rua-paea te takoto i roto i te rohe o te nucleoid ka whakaritea ki te membrane i kotahi ira. I tua atu i tona mōhiohio iranga roto te roto i te plasmid e taea te whakatau i ngā āhuatanga, me te whanaketanga o ngā āhuatanga pathogenic. Hoki te kaupapa whakamahi ratou flagella me spirillum, whakaritea i roto i te tinana basal pūtau, ka puta ratou uri i wehewehe i roto i te rua.