Ivan Fedorov Monument i Moscow. Whakaahuatanga o te pou Ivanu Fedorovu

I waihangatia i te 1909, ki te pou pionie Fedorov - ko tetahi attraction o Moscow, ki nei e tonoa rau o tūruhi me noho ia.

Ivan Fyodorov

Ivan Fedorov ko te Māori o te Russian Empire. Ahakoa i whanau ia i roto i te rohe o Moscow hou , tata katoa tona ora pau ia i roto i nga whenua o Grand Duchy o Lithuania, me te Ukraine, i roto i Lviv, i taua wa ko e wahi o te kawanatanga Russian me te Commonwealth. Hoki te wa roa mahi ia i roto i te whare whakaputa Moscow, tuwhera i runga i te moni o te kingi, te rongonui Ivan Fyodorov, te pūreretā tuatahi. i tuatahi tona tohu hanga tata te whare.

Otiia, kua whakaaro reira te kaiwhakarewa o te tā. Ko te wā rangatiratanga Russian o Ivan IV te wā tuatahi i whakaputaina e ia he mahi fakalotu, "te Aposetolo." No te reira Fedorov ki te tuatahi i roto i te aamu o te whare tā ka kī.

Whanau mataotao i waenganui i 1510 me 1530 tau. He he he putanga o tona whanautanga i runga i te rohe o te rohe Vileyka, Minsk rohe.

Na reira, i tenei ra he reira haamana'oraa poto rawa. Ētahi kairangahau whakapono ora Fedorov i kuraina ia i roto i Krakow, a meinga ana ia hei bachelor. Ko te Whare Wānanga City he lekooti o reira.

Te tīmatanga tikanga ia ki te horo'a ia ki te mahi a te Atua, a ka whakaaro te diakono i te hahi o St Nicholas Kremlin Gostunskii.

Te huri i mahi

E mahi Fedorov i te iari Printing Ivan IV, e kore e raraunga tiaki papû. Kei te kiia e ia ki te tānga o te maha mau buka iti ingoamuna tukuna i Moscow.

Rite tau kotahi 1563 i runga i 1564 mahi Fedorov ki tona kaiāwhina Petrom Mstislavtsem i runga i te pukapuka "Te Aposetolo". I roto i tenei pukapuka, kia te tuatahi hoatu tona hiri Ivan Fedorov. Tona tohu tohu te whārangi tuatahi o "Aposetolo." He tau i muri mai, whakaputa te pūreretā tuatahi he pukapuka hou - ". Breviary"

Life i roto i Lithuania me Ukraine

I muri i te whakaeke i runga i te boyars printshop rere Fedorov me tona hoa i roto i Duchy o Lithuania. I reira noho ratou i roto i Chodkiewicz, Hetman o Lithuania, ka tīmata te mahi ki a ia. hokona Getman a whakatuwheratia he whare tā mo ratou.

haere kotiti ke te whenua, a kei hea e tū ratou, i reira te mea he pukapuka "ki te whakaako i te evanelia" me "Psalter ki Chasoslovtsem". Ko te putanga tuarua o "Te Aposetolo" tā Fedorov kē i roto i Lviv. Hoki tenei pukapuka, ka tuhituhi ia ko tona whakaputa korero whakamöhio. I te fakaafe whaiaro o Prince o Ostrog noho hoki te maha o nga tau i roto i tenei pa, i reira whakaputa Bible tuatahi o te ao i roto i te Ekalesia. I ahau wa ki te haere ki Vienna me Krakow. Hoki te wa roa, tuhituhi ahau ki te whakamarama Pākehā rongonui o pūtaiao.

mate ia i roto i Lviv, te wahi i tanumia ai ia.

tā

Ka rite ki te minita o te Ekalesia o te piha haapiiraa o raro, Ivan Fedorov whiriwhiri ki tā te tino noa i taua wa tuhinga fakalotu. whakaputaina hoki e ia te maha o ngā pukapuka i runga i wetereo, kia taea e ako katoa ki te pānui i me te tuhituhi.

I hanga nga tauira tuatahi mō ngā pukapuka tata ki paerewa hou. Ko te kuputuhi i tetahi whārangi whakanohoia rua tekau-rima ngā rārangi. E tata ōrite ki te hōputu A4 hou ratou. He pane me ngā hiku, me ngā tohutoro ara hauraro, me te haurunga huatau i taua wa i roto i Europa i te pukapuka tā tuatahi. ka mau ratou ki runga, a ki reira Ivan Fedorov. whakaatu tona tohu he pukapuka ki rite pukapuka.

i whakamahia e rua ngā tae i roto i tā. I mua i te whakaputanga o te pukapuka ki te āta pānui i te kuputuhi, ki te whakatika hapa, te huri i etahi o nga whika o kupu. Ia pionie pene hou whakapaipai ki ētahi taketake me momotuhi whakapaipai.

mīhini

I runga i tenei mea rongonui, aru i te ra, me te po mahi ahau Fedorov, tata kahore raraunga. I muri i te matenga o te kaiwhakaputa tonu te whakamārama anake o te mea i runga i te reira. I hangaia te mīhini i te hangarau Italian. Ki a ia ka haere te utu wahi rakau. Ko te pukapuka ki te pepa aki i roto i te pereti, parahi hurirere takahuri nui. i kitea te reira i roto i te wahi kotahi, me te anga mo te pukapuka. paunatia mīhini āhua 104 kirokaramu. E ngāwari ratou whakamahia e Ivan Fedorov. Ko te tohu whakaatu te mīhini i roto i te tirohanga whakanui.

History o te pou

Te tikanga ki te whakarite kia tonu te mahara o te nui Ivan Fedorov, ka anga ratou kohikohi i roto i te tau 1870. Ko te tīmata o te huihuinga i māngai o te Moscow Archaeological Union. Ahakoa te hoatu tahi te moni, me te kaua hohoro, te pātai o rite nei e mahi i runga i te whakairo, noho tuwhera.

Monument ki Ivan Fedorov, te wahi tu pionie ki tona tiketike tonu, i whakapumautia i roto i 1909. Money kohia reira toru tekau-iwa nga tau. I mua ki te hanga o te pou i kohia reira 29 000 moni, he moni ta'ehanotatau i taua wa. I rahua te kaihoahoa whakataetae me kaiwhakairo mo te wa tuatahi. E kore e te Komihana rite tetahi kōwhiringa whakaarohia mahi.

I muri kōwhiringa tupato o te mahi pai o kaitoi o Russia me ētahi atu whenua i whakauru toi Sergey Mihaylovich Volnuhin me kaihoahoa Ivan Pavlovich Mashkov. kaupapa arotakea Klyuchevskii toa kōrero me te kaipeita Apollinaris Vasnetsov.

Whakaahuatanga o te pou ki Ivan Fedorov

Ivan Fyodorov tu i runga i te tohu i roto i tona tūranga tino i te mahi. I roto i te kotahi ringa kua tāngia e ia poari ki te huinga o reta. I roto i te tahi atu tona ringa mau ia kua tika hanga e ia he whārangi i te pukapuka "Te Aposetolo." hanga te whakairo kei te o te parahi.

e kore e waiho hei whakaahuatanga o te pou ki Ivan Fedorov oti ki te kore koe e kōrero e pā ana ki ona kakahu. Ahakoa te kaiwhakaputa, ka ko ha tokotaha fakalaumālie, kaiwhakairo e whakaaturia ana i roto i tona kakahu mua mo aua wa: koti roa buttoned i runga i ngā pātene, i roto o e taea kite tetahi i te tarau whitikiria ki pūtu.

Hair pionie e here ana ki te rīpene, kia rite kore ki te pokanoa i roto i te mahi.

whakapaipai te turanga e ki te koti o ringa o Fedorov i roto i te ringa, me te whakangungu rakau ki nga waitohu. I te tihi o te pukapuka whakaatu i te matamata iti, rite te pere. I raro i te whakapakoko o te ariki he waitohu "Nikoly Chudotvortsa Gostunskogo diakono Ivan Fedorov".

E kore taea te toi wareware te pukapuka "Te Aposetolo" ka hoatu te rā tīmatanga o tona whakatū i raro i te ingoa o te kaiwhakaputa.

wāhi

Ko te wahi i reira he tohu ki a Ivan Fedorov, kihai i whiriwhiria e te tupono noa. Haunga ia a ko kotahi he whare tā, i utua Ivanom Groznym. He puta ano te pukapuka "Te Aposetolo" i roto i te putanga tuatahi. whakaturia te iari i roto i 1553, me i te taua tīmata Fedorov ki te mahi i reira.

A, no te Pita te nui i roto i tenei wahi timata ki te whakaputa i te niupepa "Vedomosti".

Otiia ki te ka te ui nga tūruhi te wahi i reira ko te tohu Ivanu Fodorovu, huaina e ratou he wahi rawa rerekē. Ko te take hoki tenei ko te whakawhitinga o te pou ki te turanga. I roto i te 1934, ka timata te ara o Moscow ki te whakawhānui i, wahia whare tawhito. Ko riro Kitai-Gorod taiepa, a ka whakaritea e te reira ki te neke i te whakapakoko.

A i roto i nga tau 90 i oho te pou ki te Metropole Hotel. Mai i mahi Fedorov, kotahi he nui Mint, i reira ko he anake pourewa iti. I reira, i roto i te "tika" mua mahi Ivan Fyodorov. tū te haere i te pou i runga i te wiki me ngā mutunga wiki, ka mutu te reira ki te haere o te rūmanga.

I roto i te mahara o Fedorov

Moscow pou - e kore te mea anake te tohutoro ki tenei tika tangata, te mata i te pae varua, me te kaiako. I roto i te 1997, i whakatuwheratia te whare taonga i roto i te kororia o Ivana Fedorova i te Potocki Palace. Ko taea ki te ako atu e pā ana ki te ora o te kaihanga o ngā pukapuka, me te e pā ana ki te āhua o te tīmatanga whiriwhiria te tukanga tā e pukapuka ki te whakaputa me te aha te wa tuatahi whakaputaina tuhinga karakia anake.

Tata te whare taonga, ko te "utu" rite te tangata Ivan Fedorov - pionie. I hanga te tohu i te toi Anatoly Galyanom.

I roto i te 1998, i te Trinity-Herekiu pakiki whakatapua icon, e whakaatu te kaiwhakarewa o ngā pukapuka ki tona mīhini. Ko ahurei i te meka tenei o tuaukiuki e mo te wa tuatahi i roto i te aamu katoa o te Siu runga haere mai te reira tuhi press.

I roto i te 2009 taimí Fyodorov i roto i te Old whakapono Siu Ekalesia, iriirihia ia John Deacon.

A i roto i te 2010, whakawhiwhia te ingoa o Ivan Fedorov i te State University o Printing i Moscow, te ra o ratou o tona huritau waru tekau.

I roto i Lviv, i runga i te tapawha pokapū tu te whakairo rima-mita - kakahu i roto i nga kakahu Siasí Ivan Fedorov. Ko te tino rerekē i te reira i Monument i Moscow. Monument i roto i Lviv i hanga tata te wahi i noho ai te reira momotuhi.

Facts e pā ana ki te pou

• I roto i te whakatuwheratanga o te pou i roto i te 1909, ka kawea reira huihui nga mana katoa o te pa. I hanga te tira. Te ra i muri mai, kitea passersby e reira ko he karauna tohu i runga i nei ko te tuhituhinga "maratiri Russian pukapuka-tā." hiahia Unknown ki te tohu ko te kupu aua whakatoinga i whakamanawanui ia Ivan Fedorov i Moscow i te reira mana.
• He kōrero i roto i te Soviet Union ko Ivan Fedorov. whakaaturia Monument i roto i Moscow i runga i ngā pane kuini Soviet e tau ki te whakanui e toru rau e rima tekau nga tau i muri i tona matenga.
• Ka taea te kite i te whakairo i te te mātakitaki i te whakawhitinga angitū Soviet-Garden kotahi "kore e taea te huri i te wāhi." Haunga ia tutaki Sharapov ko Anna.
• Kei te tohu te tata te Rue St. Nicholas. Kua roa kua reira rongonui mo tona mākete pukapuka me ngā toa. I mua i te revolution, ko Nicholas te pokapū tūturu o te pukapuka o te ora, te kāinga i te ata ra ano te po i te whiriwhiri katoa Moscow.
• I roto i ngā wā Soviet, ka tika e pā ana te pou ki te pukapuka. unuhia ana tana pukapuka i runga i ngā mākete pānuitanga me toa hou.
• tohu Fedorov kitea i te Okhotny Ryad.
• whakaaro te kaihanga o te hua kei te ki hei te tupuna o Volnukhin Nouveau me Ngā tohu i ngā i roto i te whakairo Russian. Runga ake ia, mahi ia mo e rua nga tau.
• Ki tenei ra e kore i te reira i ora taua tetahi whakahua o te pehea, ki te titiro Ivan Fedorov. Monument tetahi wahi i āwhina ki te waihanga i I. Zabelin, kōrero Russian, nei arahi te toi, e arotahi ana ki te wa ka noho te kaiwhakaputa.