Karaihe kiripaka: pau o production, GOST. karaihe kiripaka whatu: te whakamahi o

Karāhe - tetahi o nga rauemi matamua, Kei te whānui i whakamahia i roto i ngā wāhanga katoa o whakawhetai mahi a te tangata mahi ki te huinga o mau huru whai hua me ngā āhuatanga. I roto i tona oraraa (neke atu i te 5 mano. Tau), kua noho tona tātai matū tata te taua, engari kua puta ke tona kounga.

karaihe kiripaka

No te tau, kua rapu te tangata ki te hanga i te karaihe atu mārama, me te ātete ki ngā āhuatanga haamou. Ka rite ki te hua o te whakapai ake ngā puta karaihe kiripaka - he momo tino hou o te rauemi ki te āhuatanga e pā mahara. Pea ka whakatau tenei karaihe te aronga o te whanaketanga atu o te taata nei. karaihe kiripaka - he hua rewa silicon waikura parakore (SiO _2). Haunga te karaihe noa, ko tenei rauemi i roto i te āhua amorphous, i.e. kua reira kahore pāmahana rewa pū, me te ka hana i te mārō ki puta kāwanatanga wai āta. Te nuinga e tika ana ki tenei taonga o te kiripaka ranei takawai, karaihe kitea taua tono whānui i roto i te ahumahi.

Ko te hanganga o te karaihe kiripaka

rauemi amorphous tika ki tona hanganga, e hāngai ana nei i runga i silicon-hāora tetrahedra. Rāpoi ngota SiO ₂ "kōrero" ki ia atu e tika ana ki tahi ngota hāora attraction. Fakataha hanga e ratou he mātiti e toru-ahu, i roto i te noa'tu o te meka e kore tino whanaunga kia ki ia atu he reira i roto i te whakaritenga rāpoi. Ko Ko te aha te karaihe kiripaka i te ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi amorphous.

He karaihe magnesium, rite mua, whakaputaina e rewa te feedstock. Ka rite ki taua e taea te whakamahi takawai parakore - rhinestone, rua kiripaka, silica onepu, me silica whiwhi e te tikanga horihori.

Rerekētanga i te karaihe takawai tikanga

Tei runga i te momo o ngā rauemi mata, me te whakatau i etahi āhuatanga o te hua whakamutunga. Ko te kupu, ki te whiwhi whakamahia he rauemi karaihe-mārama, me te mārama te rhinestone.

Ko te rerekētanga matua i karaihe magnesium tikanga ko te pāmahana rewa tiketike - ^{e pā ana ki} 1500 C. A, no te haamata i tenei waikura silicon ki emit radiation marama kaha i roto i te tūāwhiorangi kitea, i.e. anaana.

Nā ki te hanganga amorphous o te tukanga rewa rauemi raw taea te tango i te wā nui. Ko te hanganga whakarewa he pokey tiketike, e hanga staplivat reira neke ranei. fakafaingata'a'ia'i tenei te hanga o te karaihe kiripaka ki te matotoru taiepa taua.

production Āhuatanga

I roto i te tirohanga o te āhuatanga i runga katoa he taea te hanga o te karaihe magnesium anake i runga i taputapu motuhake. I roto i te pāmahana rewa me kia tiakina tiketike, me te hanga karaehe tuwhera mura jet he tika ki te mau tonu te pāmahana ^o 1800 C me runga ake.

whakaritenga motuhake me te whare - me te mea horomata. He nui iti o matūriki ke te taniwha, ka arahi ki te meka i ngatata te karaihe kiripaka oti, me te ngaro ratou āhuatanga i roto i te wa poto. 'ulungaanga Motuhake a kia whai hanga kaimahi - glassmakers. E ratou ki te mahi ki te pāmahana tino nui - kotahi hapa i roto i te mahi e taea e arahi ki te wharanga nui, weranga.

E hanga nga taputapu glassblower matua katoa o ngā rauemi wera-ātete - ofa'i, Tungsten, e, tua atu i ëtahi, i te pauna teitei. Na reira, kia kaha fakaesino me i maia kaimahi.

Ko te āhuatanga o te karaihe kiripaka

karaihe magnesium he kawe ia hiko iti, na te maha whakamahia reira rite te uruhanga i roto i ngā pūrere hiko uaua. Ka taea te wehea te āhuatanga painga matua, me e whai karaihe kiripaka ki ngā rōpū e toru:

1. Thermal. Ātete ki tiketike pāmahana ^{(e pā ana ki} 1200 C), whakarea tiketike o waiariki roha (15 ngā wā ki runga ake i taua o te karaihe mau) atu i meinga e ātete ki piki me te pāmahana ohorere, me te nui (mō te hanga o te tio-wai matao o awa).
2. Chemical. Glass matū kūpapa, e kore e ariu ki alkalies me waikawa katoa anake te waikawa phosphoric me te waikawa hydrofluoric (tīmata te tauhohenga i te pāmahana i runga ^{e pā ana ki} 300 C).
3. Optical. Ko 150 wa i raro i taua o tikanga (n _e = 1,46) Ko te taupū hakoko o te karaihe silica. Nā ki tenei ko reira tino whakawhiti kore anake te ra me te marama noa, engari e kore e pupuri tetahi radiation pōkākā katinga ranei.

Enei āhuatanga tukua te whakamahi o te karaihe kiripaka rite te rauemi hanga, me te mo te hanga o te taiwhanga karaehe, mea optical, taputapu hiko, rauemi whakangutungutu wera-ātete. Ko tētahi o nga wāhi matua o te tono - te hanga o muka optical.

karaihe kiripaka Optical

Tei runga i te hangarau e whakamahia ana i roto i te karaihe kiripaka hanga taea e puatakore, me te mārama. I roto i te take tuatahi ka tapae tona hanganga he maha nui o mirumiru hau, e whakamararatia marama lahi. Mārama karaihe, kiripaka karaihe whatu ranei, e kiia ana ko, ko tino ōrite, e kore e roto i te reira i tetahi mirumiru. whakamahia mihi ki tenei rauemi ngā i roto i te hanga o ngā taura optical, nui-tere tuku raraunga, arotahi whatu me poro.

Waitohu me te raupapa o te karaihe whatu

He maha ngā momo o te karaihe whatu: KU-1, KI, me HF. rerekē te hua i roto i te kaha ki te haere i te kitea, hihi katinga me te radiation pōkākā. Ko reira tino mārama CI karaihe waitohu - ko reira, e nehenehe o whakawhitihia marama i te roangaru o 2600-2800 nm, iti mārama - HF. Tei runga i te feedstock whakamahia ngā tuku marama i taea e te kiripaka karaihe whatu. GOST 15130-86 Kei ngā mōhiohio i runga i te raupapa e toru:

• 0 - rauemi whakamahia i raro i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere noa;
• 100 - karaihe, ātete ki ionizing radiation mana iti;
• 200 - ko te rauemi raw e kia whakamahia ai i raro i ngā āhuatanga o te radiation ionizing kaha.

Mark me karaihe hanga he raupapa o ngā hua KarereHuna. Kei te tono te reira ki te whakangao me tautuhi te momo motuhake o te karaihe. I roto i to tatou whenua, kahore he pūnaha whakamunatanga kotahi, na ia kamupene tohu ratou hua e rite ki o ratou matauranga.

poi o tono

hua karaihe magnesium he maha nui o ngā hua rerekē. Ko te taiwhanga mātauranga, me te ahumahi tono kiripaka ngongo karāhe, e kua whakamahia mō te ine taumata wai, te hanga o te hatete hiko, tauhohe matū me te rokiroki o matū pukuriri.

Whānui e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga riro me te karaihe puatakore. Kei te whakamahia te reira te wahi e tika ana ki te whakahaere i nga hua wai i pāmahana teitei, me te, e tika ana ki tona utu iti, kua tono whānui.

karaihe Optical whakamahia i roto i te pahi me te tākirirangi production, te nuinga mo te hanga o ngā pūrere rama. I roto i te ahumahi matūngahinu, kua wāriutia tenei rauemi mo tona resistance matū nui, me te te whakamahia ki te whakahaere fluids ha'iriiri. Ko te rererangi he piha ngingilá ratou, a ka kua whakamahia rite waiariki mātao.

Manufacturers o ngā hua i hanga i roto i te runga i GOST 22291-83 whakaritenga. E hanga korere kiripaka karaihe, matapihi, poro, arotahi, me ētahi atu hua e rua papatipu me te pūtake takitahi.