Ko te ahurea o te Māmá: Āhuatanga

I te mutunga o te rau tau XVII te Māmá, i hipokina te rau tau XVIII muri katoa. Ko te āhuatanga matua o te wa, me te riro noa-rationality. He ko he ahurea o te Māmá, i hoatu te ao he toi hou.

rapunga whakaaro

hāngai ana te ahurea katoa o te Māmá i runga i ngā whakaaro taumauri hou whakatakoto e te whakaaro o te wā. Ko te whakaaro tōrangapū matua ko Dzhon Lokk, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Goethe, Kant me etahi atu. Kua tāutuhia e ratou te āhuatanga wairua o te rau tau XVIII (Kei te hoki i huaina nei te Age o Take).

Ko te adepts o te Māmá whakapono i roto i te torutoru whakaaro matua. Ko tētahi o ratou ko te meka e nga tangata katoa e i natula rite, he ratou ake ngākau nuitanga, me ngā hiahia tangata ia. Ki te whakatau ia ratou, me te hanga e koe he whare whakamarie mo te katoa. e kore e tuakiri puta i runga i te marama ake - kua hanga e te reira i runga i te wā e tika ana ki te meka e whai kaha tinana me te wairua, me te hinengaro iwi. kia matua kia taurite i roto i te ōritetanga o te katoa ki te aroaro o te ture.

ahurea e fakamaama - he ahurea wātea ki te matauranga katoa. Ārahi whakaaro whakapono e na roto noa i te horapa o te mātauranga, ka taea e hoatu e koe he mutunga ki te arepurepuraa pāpori. Ko te rationalism tenei - te aronga o te whakaaro e hāngai ana i runga i te whanonga, me te hinengaro o te iwi.

I roto i te wā o te Māmá tonu tautohe e pā ana ki te karakia. tupu Disassociation i te hapori hahi whakaroau, me te momo (matua Katorika). I roto i whakapono mātauranga horapa te whakaaro o te Atua, kia rite ki te tahi mau rehe tino, nana nei i hanga te tikanga te tīmatanga vai i roto i te ao. Ngā mihi ki maha ngā āhuatanga pūtaiao horahia e mata o te tirohanga e taea te tangata whakakitea nga mea ngaro katoa o te ao, me nga mea ngaro, me mea whakamiharo i roto i te mua.

aronga toi

I tua atu ki te rapunga whakaaro, vai reira me te ahurea toi o te Māmá. I taua wa ngā te toi o te Ao Tahito o rua ngā wāhi matua. Ko te tuatahi Classicism. incarnated ia i roto i te tuhinga, waiata, toi pai. te tikanga o tenei au haapa'oraa ki te mau parau tumu Roma, me te Kariki onamata. Taua toi he hangarite rerekē, rationality, puka hanganga ture arotahi, me te pakari.

pahono te ahurea toi o te anga Māmá o Romanticism ki ētahi atu pātai: kare, tokonga, artist hangatanga auaha. E mea pinepine i reira he penei e ngā enei huarahi e rua rerekē i roto i te hua kotahi. Hei tauira, he puka taea hāngai ki te Classicism me ihirangi - Romanticism.

Puta me kāhua whakamātautau. Kua meinga te reira i te sentimentalism nui āhuatanga. kihai i whai ia ona momo stylistic, engari kei te whakamahi i te reira kitea ai te reira tirohanga o te pai tangata, me te te viivii, homai nei ki te iwi i te natura. ahurea toi Russian o te Māmá, me te te Pākehā, i ona ake mongamonga kanapa e no ki te rere hoê mana'ona'oraa. Taua ko te kōrero Nikolaya Karamzina "Poor Liza".

te fifi o te natura

sentimentalists hanga te reira i te huru o te fifi Māmá o te natura. Ko te whakaaro o te rau tau XVIII rapu reira he tauira o te ataahua me te pai, he aha i mahara ki te tutava ki te taata. I kaha te hoho'a tumu o te ao pai e puta i taua wa i roto i Europa, pāka me ngā māra. i hanga e ratou kia rite ki te taiao tino mō te iwi tino. Ēnei titonga ngā taiwhanga toi, whare pukapuka, whare taonga, te mau hiero, me whare.

whakapono te Māmá e hou te "tangata māori" Me hoki mai ki tona āhua taiao - e ko te āhua. E ai ki tenei whakaaro o te toi Russian me te ahurea i roto i te Māmá (kaua ranei, hoahoanga) hoatu to'utangata Peterhof. Neke atu i te ona kaihoahoa mahi hanga Leblon rongonui, Zemtsov, Usov, Quarenghi. Ngā mihi ki a ratou mau tautooraa i runga i te Gulf o Finland i te ensemble ahurei, i ngā he park ahurei, whare nehenehe me puna.

peita

I roto i te peita, tipu ahurea toi o Europe o te Māmá ki lotú nui. timata Religious ki te tango i ngā tūranga ara i roto i aua whenua i reira i mua ua reira māia nui ki Austria, Itari me Germany. whakakapi peita Landscape te huru o te whenua, a whakakapi te whakaahua piri nga whakaahua ōkawa.

I roto i te hawhe tuatahi o te ahurea French XVIII rau o te Māmá hoatu ara ki te kāhua Rococo. hāngai taua toi i runga i karawhiti, i tawai reira, tākaro, me te pretentious. pūāhua Favorite o tenei aronga te kaitoi ko he Bacchante, punua, Venus, Diana, me ētahi atu whika o ngā pūrākau puāwaitanga, me nga kaupapa matua - te aroha.

He tauira a Tūrongo, o French Rococo - auaha Fransua Bushe, nei i huaina ano hoki "te kaipeita tuatahi o te kingi." pania e ia huinga whare tapere, whakaahua hoki pukapuka pikitia mo nga whare taonga me te whare kingi. Ko te rongonui tino o ana kowaiwai: "Ko te wharepaku o Venus", "Whakamanamana o Venus" a na i runga i ..

Antuan Vatto, i runga i te anga ke, piki tahuri ki te ora hou. I raro i tona mana, kua whakawhanakehia te kāhua te nui rawa kaipeita English portrait Thomas Gainsborough. rere ke te reira i varua, te whakamahine i te pae varua, me te whiti.

Ko te kaipeita Italian matua o te rau tau XVIII ko Dzhovanni Tepolo. Tenei tānga ariki me ngā pikitia koe whakaaro fakaangá te māngai nui whakamutunga o te kura Venetian. I roto i te hokohoko rongonui o te whakapaipai ano ka whakatika Republic Veduta - whenua tāone rā. timata te nuinga o kaihanga te whakanui i roto i te momo ki Francesco Guardi ko Antonio Kanaletto. Tenei tikanga Māmá mahue i muri i te maha nui o peita whakamīharo.

whare tapere

rau XVIII - te tau koura o te whare tapere. I roto i te Māmá, kua tae tenei puka toi te keokeonga o tona rongonui me te nuinga. I roto i Ingarangi, ko te nui rawa te kaitito Richard Sheridan. Ko te rongonui tino o ana mahi, "Trip ki Scarborough," "School mō te take" me "hoariri" kataina te moepuku o te bourgeoisie.

Hihiri ahurea whakaari katoa i roto i Europa o te Māmá whakawhanakehia i roto i Venice, te wahi mahi ia tika 7 whare. ngā Traditional taiopenga pa ā-tau ki manuhiri i katoa i runga i te Ao Tahito. I roto i te Venice, i te kaituhi o te rongonui "Traktirschiny" Karlo Goldoni. Tenei kaitito, e tuhituhi te katoa o 267 mahi, faaturahia ka whakamoemititia e Voltaire.

Ko te pukuhohe tino rongonui o te rau tau XVIII ko "te Marriage o Figaro," i tuhituhia e te nui Wīwī Beaumarchais. I roto i tenei tākaro, sinó te huru o te hapori kua he huru tōraro ki te arikitanga tino o te Bourbons. He tau torutoru i muri i te whakaputanga o nga ngā tuatahi me comedies i roto i France reira ko he revolution e hurihanga i te tikanga tawhito.

kihai i kākahu ahurea Pākehā o te Māmá. I roto i te tahi mau whenua i roto i nga toi ka whakatika nga āhuatanga motu. Hei tauira, te whakaari Tiamana (Schiller, Goethe, Lessing), ana mahi tino tu'u tuhituhia i roto i te momo o te ati. I roto i tenei whare tapere o te Māmá i Germany i te tahi tau ahuru matahiti i muri mai i te i roto i France Ingarangi ranei puta ia.

kihai i Iogann Gete anake te rohi pehe anaana, me te kaituhi. E kore hoki tetahi e karangatia ana ko "poto te ao" - he kaiarahi me te toi theorist, mataotao, kaituhi me te mohio i roto i te maha atu ngā wāhi. Ko tōna hua matua - he me'a fakamamahi "Faust" me te tākaro "Egmont." Ko tētahi atu ahua tino o te German Māmá, Friedrich Schiller, i tuhituhi kore anake "hinana ko Love" me "nga kaipahua", engari mahue ano i muri i te mahi pūtaiao, me te hītori.

pakimaero

Ko te momo tuhituhi matua o te rau tau XVIII ko te pūrākau. Ko te whakawhetai ki te haere mai nga pukapuka hou te whakamanamana o te ahurea bourgeois, i whakakapi i te Māoritanga tawhito feudal tawhito. Tino whakaputaina mahi o toi kore kaituhi anake, engari ano hoki sociologists, philosopho me economists.

Te pūrākau, rite te momo, tupu i roto o akiaki nūpepa. Ki reira, kua kitea e nga whakaaro o te rau tau XVIII he puka hou ki te whakapuaki i ō rātou whakaaro pāpori, me te taumauri. Tuhituhi hoatu "a Gulliver Travels" Dzhonatan Svift ki tona mahi maha nä ki te kino o te pāpori o nāianei. tuhituhi nō ano ia ki "Te Tale o te pūrerehua." I roto i teie buka iti, satirized hohoro nga whakahau ka karakia, me te totohe.

Ka taea te takina te whanaketanga o te ahurea i roto i te Māmá ki te putanga o momo tuhituhi hou. I tenei wa, i reira ko te pūrākau epistolary (he pūrākau i roto i te pukapuka). Ko tenei, hei tauira, he mahi hoê mana'ona'oraa Ioganna Gete "nga Mamahí o Young Werther," i roto i nei, kua tukua te protagonist whakamomori, me te "Pahi Letters" o Montesquieu. He nga pūrākau pakipūmeka i te momo o te tuhituhi haere me ngā whakamārama haere ( "Travels i France ko Italia," Tobias Smollett).

I roto i te tuhinga, te ahurea o te Māmá i Russia, aru nga ako o Classicism. I roto i te rohi pehe XVIII rau mahi Alexander Sumarokov Vasily Trediakovskii, Antiochus Cantemir. He nga tupu tuatahi Sentimentalism (kīia kua ki Karamzin "Poor Lisa" me "Natalie, te tamahine boyar"). hanga te ahurea o te Māmá i Russia kua nga hiahiatanga katoa i roto i te tikanga ki te whai i te timatanga o XIX rautau, te tuhinga kāinga, arahina e Pushkin, Lermontov ko Gogol, ite tona tau koura.

waiata

Ko reira i roto i te Age o Māmá, he reo waiata hou. whakaaro tona kaiwhakarewa Iogann ko Hepetipa. tuhituhi tenei kaitito nui mahi i roto i te momo katoa (ko okotahi te opera). whakaaro Bach me tenei ra te he rangatira kāore o polyphony. Ko tētahi atu kaitito German George Handel tuhituhi neke atu i te 40 mau opera, me te maha sonatas me suites. Inspiration ia, rite Bach, kumea ana i roto i te kōrero te Bibilia (āhuatanga e te taitara: "Iharaira i Ihipa", "Haora", "Karaiti").

Ētahi atu hui waiata nui o te wa - te kura Viennese. ki te whakahaere i tā me'alea mātauranga tenei ra, kia e taea iwi hou e pa i te tupu i mahue e kua te ahurea o te Māmá tonu nga mahi o ona ngā mema. e pā ana te rau tau 18 kei te ki te ingoa o taua geniuses rite Wolfgang Mozart, Yozef Gaydn, Ludwig van Beethoven. Ko enei kaitito Viennese ki rethink te puka puoro tawhito me momo.

whakaaro Haydn te te papa o te taratimere puāwaitanga (tuhituhi ia ratou, nui atu i te kotahi rau). E rave rahi o enei mahi e hāngai ana i runga i kanikani iwi me waiata. Ko te tihi o te auahatanga o London huringa symphonies o Haydn te tuhituhi e ia i roto i ngā haerenga ki Ingarangi. Ko te ahurea o te wā Renaissance, te wā o te Māmá me o tetahi atu wā o te tuatapaparaa o te taata he Toene onge toi na āna. Haunga taratimere, maha o Haydn mema 83, papatipu 13, 20 me te 52 sonatas faiva clavier.

e kore Mozart titoa waiata anake. Ko ia â takaro te harpsichord me wairingi ariki enei taputapu i roto i te kōhungahunga. Ana opera me konohete rerekē huru rawa rerekē (i parau whiti ki te fun). Ko te matua mahi o Mozart whakaaro ana symphonies e toru, te tuhituhi i roto i te kotahi taua i roto i 1788 (tau 39, 40, 41).

ko aroha o hautoa kōrero e whai pānga i runga i tamataraa no "Egmont," "Coriolanus" me "Fidelio," te opera tetahi aronui nui Beethoven. Ka rite ki te tū, patua e ia ana to'utangatá tākaro i te piana. Hoki tenei taputapu Beethoven 32 Sonata i tuhituhia. Te nuinga o tona mahi te kaitito hanga i roto i Vienna. Hoki nona te reira 10 sonatas mō te wairingi me te piana (te tino rongonui ko te "Kreutzer" Sonata).

Beethoven ite te raruraru auaha nui meinga e te mate o ratou rongo. Kaitito i tahuri ki te whakamomori i roto i te hepohepo i tuhituhi tona rongonui "Moonlight" Sonata. Heoi, kihai i ara te mate nanakia whati i te pai ai o te toi. Ka hinga ona ake lethargy hoki, tuhituhi maha mahi Tira pūoru Beethoven.

English Māmá

Ingarangi ko te wāhi o te Pākehā Māmá. I roto i tenei whenua, i mua i te etahi, i roto i te rau tau XVII, i reira ko he revolution bourgeois, i hoatu whanaketanga ki te whanaketanga ahurea. riro Ingarangi he tauira pai o te ahunga whakamua pāpori. Philosopho Dzhon Lokk ko tetahi o te tuatahi, me te pūkenga matua o te whakaaro ohaoha. I raro i te mana o ana i tuhituhi ai i tuhituhia te tuhinga tōrangapū tino nui o te Māmá - te Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga American. Locke whakapono e takoto matauranga tangata e perception tairongo, me te wheako i te whawhati i te aroaro o te kaupapa rongonui o Descartes.

Ko tētahi atu whakaaro Ingarangi nui o te rau tau XVIII ko Devid Yum. Tenei philosopho, ohanga, kōrero, takawaenga me te publicist whakahoutia te pūtaiao o te morare. ka tona nāianei Arama Smith te kaiwhakarewa o ariā ōhanga hou. Ko te ahurea o te Māmá, i roto i te poto, i mua maha ngā ariā me ngā whakaaro hou. ko te mahi a Smith rite taua. Ko ia te tuatahi ki te whakaōrite i te faufaa o te mākete ki te faufaa kāwanatanga.

whakaaro French

philosopho French o te rau tau XVIII mahi i roto i nga tikanga o te pato'iraa ka ngā raupapa pāpori, me te tōrangapū. Rousseau, Diderot, Montesquieu - katoa o ratou whakahē ki whakahau kāinga. Faaino i taea te tango maha momo: ta'e, te idealization o te mua (whakanuia te whakarerenga iho Republican o onamata), etc ...

He āhuatanga ahurei o te ahurea Māmá ko te 35-rōrahi "Encyclopedia". whakaturia te reira i te whakaaro matua "Age o Take". Fakamānava'i me tino ētita o tenei whakaputanga rohe ko Denis Diderot. Whai wāhi ki te pukapuka motuhake i Pol Golbah, La Mettrie, Julien, Klod Gelvetsy me ētahi atu pūkenga rangatira o te rau tau XVIII.

Montesquieu koi whakahē te arbitrariness me despotism o nga mana. I teie mahana, Kei te tika whakaaro ia te kaiwhakarewa o liberalism bourgeois. ka Voltaire te hi'oraa faahiahia o te ara, me te taranata. Ko ia te kaituhi o ngā rotarota Sapphire, pūrākau taumauri, tuleki tōrangapū. Double-whakaaro ia i roto i te whare herehere, wa atu i ia ki te huna i te tangata haereere. Ko te hanga Voltaire he ahua mō te whakaaro noa, me te māna.

Māmá Tiamana

ahurea Tiamana o te rau tau XVIII vai i roto i ngā āhuatanga o te wehewehenga tōrangapū o te whenua. Nāna hinengaro matatau te whakarerenga o survivals feudal me kotahitanga motu. I roto i te rerekē ki te mau philosopho French o nga whakaaro Tiamana tūpato o te take e pā ana ki te hahi.

Ka rite ki te ahurea Russian o te Māmá, i hanga te tikanga Prussia i ki te whai wāhitanga tika o te arii Ngātuere, (i roto i Russia, ko reira Catherine II, i roto i Prussia - Fridrih Veliky). kaha tautoko ana te Upoko o State mana'o matatau o tona wa, i te kore hoatu ake tona kaha mutunga. huaina te pūnaha taua te "absolutism marama".

Ko te matua pūwhakamārama Germany XVIII rautau Emanuera Kant. I roto i te 1781 whakaputaina e ia he mahi 'te arohaehae taketake o te Take Pure. " whakawhanakehia philosopho he ariā hou o te matauranga, kua ako te taea o te maramarama tangata. Ko te whakatikaia e ia nga tikanga o te pakanga me te huringa puka ture pūnaha pāpori, me te tōrangapū, hāunga tutu masivesivá. hanga Kant he wāhi nui ki te ariā o te tikanga o te ture.