Ko te pae kaha o te paru: hanganga, ngā āhuatanga. Wai kitea te pae kaha o te pūmua whākōkī? He aha i huaina ko te pae kaha o te pūmua whākōkī?

Kua rongo tatou i katoa o whākōkī, engari ko reira pea e ia o tatou tino mohio rite pehea e whakaritea enei matū, me he aha e hiahiatia ratou. E tauturu mai teie tumu ki mahino te hanganga me ngā mahi o whākōkī (whākōkī) i roto i te whānui, me o ratou pokapū kaha i roto i ngā.

rangahau History

I roto i te 1833, kēmihi French Anselme Payen tautuhi me te whakaahua i te āhuatanga o te amylase whākōkī.

He tau torutoru i muri, Louis Pasteur, ako te faafariuraa o te huka ki waipiro whai wāhi rewena, fokotu'u mai e e tenei tukanga wahi e tika ana ki ngā matū matū no ki te rewena.

I te mutunga o te physiologist XIX senekele matamua i tapa Villi Kyune te wā "whākōkī".

German Eduard Buchner i 1897 tāutuhia, ka whakaahuatia zymase - whākōkī matatini e catalyzes te faafariuraa o te sucrose ki te waihā tauhohenga. I roto i te natura zymase i te rahinga nui i roto i te rewena.

E kore te mea e mohiotia ka me e whakatuwheratia te pae kaha o te pūmua whākōkī. kiia ana tēnei kitea te ki Nobel Laureate kēmihi Edaurdu Buchner, kaikoiora American James Sumner me ētahi atu pūtaiao pai-mohiotia nei mahi i runga i te ako o te catalysis enzymatic.

mōhiohio General e pā ana ki whākōkī

Auporo e whākōkī - matū o te taiao pūmua, e mahi mahi i roto i te ora kaiao kaiwhakakökï o te tauhohe matū. Te whākōkī He wahi e kore e nei i tango i tika i wahi i roto i reira, te rere o te tauhohenga whakarato te pokapū kaha o te pūmua whākōkī.

Here te tahi āhuatanga o te pūmua whākōkī:

1) te kaha. He nui iti o te whakakōkī rawaka ki te whakatere i te tauhohe matū o te 10 ⁶ ngā wā.

2) pū. e kore te mea kotahi whākōkī whakakōkī ao o tetahi tauhohenga i roto i te pūtau. Hoki faaite whākōkī pū o te mahi: ia whākōkī catalyzes kotahi anake e rave rahi e aore tauhohe rite ki substrates (te kai matū tauhohe), engari ētahi atu tauhohenga matū mo te āhua taua, kia memeha te whākōkī. Ngā pāhekoheko ki te substrates tika me te whakatere atu o te tauhohenga whakarato te pokapū kaha o te pūmua whākōkī.

3) Ūkui Mahi. Ko te mahi paru i roto i te pūtau kei te tonu te huri i iti ki tiketike.

e kore te mea tamau 4) takapau o etahi whākōkī i roto i te pūtau, a kia rerekē i runga i te tikanga o waho rānei. ka karanga inducible taua whākōkī i roto i te koiora.

whakarōpū o whākōkī

I roto i tona hanganga, e taea te wehea te whākōkī ki ohie, me te matatini. Simple ngā anake o ngā toenga waikawa amino, he whīwhiwhi rōpū pūmua-kore o matū. Matatini ka karanga ngā hoa.

Na roto i te momo o te paru catalysed e wehea tauhohe ki:

1) Oxidoreductases (catalyze tauhohe pitihāoratanga).

2) Transferases (whakawhiti ki ngā rōpū motuhake o ngota).

3) Lyases (here matū piri).

4) Lipase (puka hononga i roto i te tauhohe e tika ana ki te pūngao o ATP).

5) Isomerases (uchuvstvuyut tauhohe interconversion o poinanaha).

6) Hydrolases (catalyze tauhohe matū i te nakunaku ki here).

whākōkī hanganga

Paru - he hanganga e toru-ahu matatini, tito nei te nuinga amino toenga waikawa. Hoki i reira ko te rōpū prosthetic - he wāhanga o te āhua pūmua-kore, e pā ana ki te toenga waikawa amino.

Whākōkī - pūmua te nuinga flare e taea te ngā i roto i ngā pūnaha matatini. Ka rite ki ētahi atu matū proteinaceous, e denatured e whakapiki i te pāmahana i te rongo ki etahi matū ranei whākōkī. I roto i denaturation rerekē hanganga paru tuatoru, me te kupu nga āhuatanga o te pokapū kaha o nga whākōkī. Ka rite ki te hua, heke te mahi paru tino.

tïpako Catalyzed Ko te tikanga nui iti atu i te pūmua whākōkī iho. Kei te whākōkī māmā o ono tekau toenga waikawa amino, me tona pokapū hohe - rua anake.

He whākōkī pae catalytic waikawa amino kahore e i faahoho'ahia, me he rōpū prosthetic organic, ranei (atu maha) pararopi takenga - cofactor.

Ko te ariā o te pae hohe

Anake whai wāhi tika i te wahi iti o te pūmua whākōkī i roto i te tauhohe matū. Ko tēnei wāhanga o te pūmua whākōkī i huaina te pae hohe. Ko te pae kaha o te paru - he lipid, he torutoru ngā toenga waikawa amino rōpū prosthetic ranei, e herea ana ki te tïpako me catalyzes te tauhohenga. kia riro i te toenga waikawa amino o te pae kaha ki tetahi waikawa amino - neke, nonpolar, i ako, kakara uncharged.

Ko te pokapū hohe paru (tenei lipid, waikawa amino me ētahi atu matū taea o te tauhohe i ki nga tauhohenga) - te wahi tino nui o te pūmua whākōkī, kahore enei matū e kia memeha.

Tikanga, te rāpoi ngota whākōkī e kotahi anake pae kaha, here ki tetahi atu ranei tauhohenga rite. Ko te toenga waikawa amino o te pokapū kaha i hanga hauwai, here hydrophobic kotuari ranei, hanga he matatini paru-tïpako.

Ko te hanganga o te pokapū hohe

Ko te pae kaha o whākōkī, ohie, me te matatini ko te pute mokamoka ranei. Me fakatatau āhuahanga me electrostatically te tïpako tenei hanganga o te pokapū kaha o te pūmua whākōkī, mai kia he huringa i roto i te hanganga tuatoru o te pūmua whākōkī e whakarereketia te pokapū hohe.

Here, me te catalytic pokapū - wāhanga o te pokapū kaha o te pūmua whākōkī. Oia mau, e hāngai ana te pae honohono "arowhai" tïpako hototahi, a te tahi taua mea, a ka kua whai wāhi tika te pokapū catalytic i roto i te tauhohenga.

Ka herea e o te pokapū kaha o te tïpako

I roto i te tikanga ki te whakamārama pēhea te te pae kaha o te paru e pā ana ki te kaiwhakahohe ngā, kua whakaarohia e rave rahi ariā. Ko te rongonui tino o ratou - ariā o Fisher, ko reira te ariā o "raka, me te kī". fokotu'u Fisher e reira ko te paru tano e tano ki ia tïpako i roto i ona āhuatanga tinana, me te matū. I muri i te hanganga o tetahi whakarerekētanga kore e puta paru-tïpako matatini.

Ko tētahi atu aivanaa American - Daniel Koshland - tāpiri Fisher whakaaro o te ariā e taea te pae mātātoa o te paru taui i to ratou conformation rite te roa rite kore e uru te tïpako ngā.

Ko te kinetics o tauhohe enzymatic

Kei te ako Āhuatanga enzymatic tauhohenga mataora rāngai tūmataiti - kinetics whākōkī. Tenei rangahau pūtaiao ngā o te tauhohe ki nohanga rerekē o whākōkī me substrates, te ti'aturiraa o te auau tauhohe i runga i te pāmahana i roto i te pūtau, me nga āhuatanga o te pae kaha o whākōkī i runga i nga tawhā tinana, me te matū o te reo rānei.

kinetics pūmua whākōkī mahi ariā pērā i auau tauhohe, whakahohenga pūngao, whakahohenga arai, mahi rāpoi, mahi motuhake me ētahi atu. A feruri i te tahi mau o enei ariā.

E i reira ko he tauhohenga koiora, ki nga tauhohenga e tika ana te whakawhiti etahi pūngao. huaina ana tēnei pūngao ko te pūngao whakahohenga.

Ko te tua o te pūmua whākōkī ki te matū hohe ki te whakaiti i te pūngao whakahohenga. tauhohe i runga i ētahi matū, kahore te whai wāhitanga o whākōkī, mai te mea tiketike rawa te pūngao whakahohenga. E kore e te taurite tauhohe te hūnuku ki te tua o te pūmua whākōkī.

Ko te tere o te tauhohenga - te nui o te hua tauhohenga ka puta ngaro i roto i te wa wae ranei.

Ti'aturiraa o te tere tauhohe i runga i tïpako kukū rahinga tinana rahikore āhuatanga - Michaelis tamau.

mahi rāpoi - te nui o ngā rāpoi ngota tïpako e kua tahuri ki tetahi muingota o whākōkī ia te wā wae.