Ko te tātai matū o te nonireka. Ko te tātai hanganga, me te rāpoi ngota

Ko te māmā waipiro polyhydric, ai reira e toru ngā rōpū OH, - nonireka. Ko te tātai mō te pūhui o tenei momo whānui, - CnH2n - 1 (OH) 3. Hei mahino pai te āhuatanga me ngā whakamahinga o te glycerin me ona homologues, whakaaro he momo o pūhui o te tātai, ia o nei whakamahia i roto i etahi āhuatanga.

Whakarōpū me nomenclature o glycerols

I roto i te waiwaihā matū waro - he matū i takea mai i waiwaro. whakakapia wāhanga o te ngota hauwai i roto i te rāpoi ngota e tetahi atu ranei ngā rōpū hydroxy. rerekē waiwaihā i roto i te maha o ngā rōpū OH (Pālesi, di-, polyhydric). Ko nga mema o raro o te piha haapiiraa ki te maha o ngota waro i te 1 ki te 12 - matū wai, teitei - totoka. Alkantrioly, ranei nonireka - he waiwaihā trihydric kei roto i roto i tona hydroxyl hanganga e toru e pā ana ki ngā ngota waro rerekē e toru. Pūhui no ki tenei rōpū whakaatu āhuatanga amphoteric, e tika ana ki te mana tahi o nga rōpū hydroxy me te tuwhena.

Ko te alkantriolov māmā māngai - 1,2,3-propanetriol (ōrite - glycerin). taonga Tātai - C ₃ H ₈ E _3. nomenclature nahanaha tā whakahua o te ingoa o te waiwaro tahi hāngai ki te kupu "triol", te whakamahi o nama Arabic, tautuhi i te tūranga o te rōpū OH. Tataunga i roto i te rāpoi ngota he homologs o nonireka i te tata ki te mutunga o te hydroxyl mekameka. Pea momo o isomeric hanganga o te mekameka waro, te tūranga o te rōpū hydroxy whatu.

Opening o nonireka

rongoā Swedish Karl Scheele i 1779 mo te wa tuatahi riro te taonga syrupy hou i te saponification o ngako. 33 tau i muri mai i te Wīwī M. Chevreul ingoa te glycerin wai reka.

whakapumautia te hanganga matū o Peluso i 1836. Nui te whai ki te ako o te hanganga i hanga Berthelot (1854) me Wurtz (1857), tonu ki te tirotiro nonireka. tātai rāpoi ngota me te āhua tuwhena o te whakaaetia ki te kawe glycerin ki te whakawhāiti i waipiro.

Kua nui haere tino te hiahia mo te nonireka mai 1847, i te mea kua whakatuwheratia reira hākawa nitric. Swedish kaipūkaha A. Nobel i roto i te tau 1875 te whakahaere ki te tiki i te te whakamahi i explosives glycerine - taipohū.

Te hanganga, te hanganga, me te tātai nonireka māmā

Ko te hanganga māmā o te record mea hāngai ki pono, a kerekere tātai tëtehi o nonireka - C ₃ H ₈ E _3. E toru ngota, ia o nei e pā ana te ki te rōpū hydroxy te mekameka waro. tohu matū rawea roto matū ngota: C - waro, e - hāora, H - hauwai. Composition nonireka whakaata tātai rerekē (rāpoi, hanganga). Whānui e whakamahia ana i roto i te ako o te taonga, me te sharosterzhnevye tauira hemispherical. E rua-ahu hanganga me toru-ahu i hanga e te tikanga o te whakatauira rorohiko - he whakapakoko mokowā o te rāpoi ngota o te nonireka. tukua ratou ki a koe sioloto te hanganga, tūnga whanaunga me te tawhiti, here koki i waenganui i ngā ngota.

papatipu rāpoi, me te titiwha o nonireka

Na roto i te tātai rāpoi ngota e taea te kitea me te papatipu titiwha, te ōrau o ngā āhuatanga i roto i ngā matū. Hoki te tātai tika ki te whakamahi i te uara o te papatipu ngota o ngā āhuatanga e rārangi i roto i te ripanga pūmotu. Ko te tātai tëtehi o nonireka: C ₃ H ₅ (OH) _3. Na roto i te whakanuia te taimaha ngota (i roto i te. E. M.) O ia huānga ki te maha o nga ngota, aru i te tua o te uara whiwhi e kitea rāpoi (Mr) me te titiwha (M) o te papatipu. Hoki te momo o tātaitanga māmā ki te whakamahi i te nonireka tātai kerekere - C ₃ H ₈ E _3.

• Ar (H) = 1.00794; te maha o ngota i roto i te rāpoi ngota - 8.
• Ar (C) = 12.0107; ngota - 3.
• Ar (G) = 15,9994; ngota - 3.
• Mr (C ₃ H ₈ E _{3) = 12.0107 * 3 + 1.00794} * 8 + 15.9994 * 3 = 92.09382 rite te pai. e. m.
• M (C ₃ H ₈ E ₃₎ = 92.09382 g / mol /
• Ko te ōrau o ngā āhuatanga i roto i te matū rāpoi ngota: H - 8,756% S - 39,125% e - 52,119%.

Ko te kouma me te tātai hanganga o te nonireka

Ko te hanganga o te mea, me ona rāpoi whakaata tātai kouma, me te matotoru, engari e kore e ratou te whakaatu i te whakaritenga o nga ngota i rerekē nonireka. Ko te tātai me te tauira rorohiko hanganga pai oreore ki ako i te hanganga o te rāpoi ngota, te here i waenganui i ngā ngota.

• He tātai kouma o te nonireka - C ₃ H ₅ (OH) _3. Mai i te hanganga o te rāpoi ngota tāutuhia, ka karapoti i roto i te 'rōpū mahi OH. i muri tonu i te reu kati tohu te maha o ngā rōpū hydroxyl i te rāpoi ngota.
• Tiro Polurazvernuty tātai kouma - Hoch ₂ CH (OH) CH ₂ OH (nonireka).
• Tātai hanganga kauwhata whakaatu te wāhi o te rāpoi ngota. Ngā Pīhono i waenganui i ngā ngota tohu here matū.
• hanganga Lewis ngā ira e tohu ana i te irahiko honohono, me faaipoipo whai wāhi i roto i te here hanganga.

Ētahi momo rāpoi image noho nui wāhi, kia maha whakamahi i te tātai haapotohia, hei tauira, Hoch ₂ -CHOH-CH ₂ OH, me te hanganga kōhiwi:

ngota huru i roto i te rāpoi ngota glyceryl

Hydroxyl - matūriki neke, haunga te hāora kua he rua ana'e o irahiko. Ko te aroaro o ngā rōpū hydroxyl toru arata'i ki te vahiraa atu o te e-H. ngā ngota waro puta tiaki wāhanga "+" ngä whakauru nucleophilic o hydroxyl. Peculiarities o hanganga me te hanganga, e whakaata ana te tātai hanganga o te glycerin, kua whakapumautia e nga āhuatanga o te taonga. āhuatanga tēnei pūhui e here hauwai maha - hononga ngoikore atu. Nonireka roaa āhuatanga waikawa atu korerotia, he mea whakarite ki te waihā me te waihā pōwaro. I roto i te āwangawanga nui pärönaki o nonireka trioleate. tātai:

• māmā - PF ₅₇ H ₁₀₄ e _6;
• polurazvernutaya kouma - (C ₁₇ H ₃₃ tumutumu) ₃ C ₃ H _5;
• huānga hautanga ki hanganga, me te kōhiwi -

nonireka Āhua

I te pāmahana rūma, 1,2,3-propanetriol - wai kōwhai te huitahi koma ranei, koreami, reka reka. rewa ua haapuai i pāmahana iti glycerin i te pāmahana 17,8 ° C. Kohua rawa aru e te whakaetonga tīmata i 290 ° C. Nonireka paku taimaha atu i te wai, tona tātaitanga kiato i 20 ° C hua te uara o 1,2604 g / cm3.

Āhuatanga o 1,2,3-propanetriol

e kore e matū tātai o te nonireka whakarato mōhiohio e pā ana ki te āhua o te pūhui amphoteric. āhuatanga waikawa me te taketake ngoikore o matū e pā ana ki te mana o ngā āhuatanga ngota i te rāpoi ngota, te vahiraa i roto i te rōpū G-H. I roto i te aroaro o te nonireka tali te ki te alkali waihā, parahi (II), whiwhi puru tae matatini (tetahi o nga tauhohe kounga). Ki te waikawa o te nonireka tauhohenga mutu ki te hanganga o ngā hākawa. Te tauhohe i te waipiro trihydric ki te waikawa hauota i roto i te aroaro o te H ₂ SO ₄ (kukū.) Oku Taki ki te hanganga o te nitroglycerin.

I te kāinga, i te ngako, me te hinu te whakamahi i te nonireka, Ethyl waipiro me ētahi atu kai, ko te hopi rite. E titau te tukanga tunu whakawera papatipu tupato i runga i te pati i te wai, he huarahi auaha ki te kōwhiringa o ngā wāhanga me ngā āhua mō te hopi hanga hua rite.

Glycerin me ona pärönaki e whakamahia i roto i enamels, peita, rongoa maha, toiletries. Oku i ai e reka i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā kai, tae atu ki ngā taonga tunua. ingoa International o te reka me te hā panaka - E422. Me ki atu waiwaihā, me hākawa waikawa ngako, whakaaro glycerin te rite te wahie whakakapinga pea i takea mai i te hinu. Ka faahuru tikanga utu-whai hua o te whakamahi i nga momo hou o te biodiesel ki te penehīni ki waka te rāngai waka ao. Te whakapai ake i te āhuatanga taiao o te ōhanga ao ki te whakaiti i fakafalala i runga i te hinu, me te hau.