Tauhohe kounga

Tenei peka o te pūtaiao rite matū tātari, e tuatapapa i te hanganga me te hanganga o ngā matū matū. Kei te whakamahia te reira mo te ako o pūhui unknown ngā ranunga ranei. tātari kounga ki te whakatau i te aroaro ngaro ranei o ngā huānga ranei Radicals i roto i te pūhui matū, me te tātari ine ngā faaotiraa o te taonga matū i roto i te tauira, i.e., te maha o ngā wāhanga e whakatu te ranunga. Hoki tātaritanga kounga o te whakamahi āhuatanga o etahi āhuatanga o te tauhohe matū e he ngāwari ki te mahi. whakamātautau kounga tukua te mātakitaki o te pānga tūmanakohia kore o ratou ranei.

Kei te whakawhanake matū tātari tikanga hou, me te pai ake o te tātari me ratou tono i ngā, me te te ako o nga turanga ariā o ngā tukanga tātari. Ko te hunga mohio i roto i te ake matū, tinana, me te physico-matū tikanga o tātari. I te ngakau o tokomaha o ratou he tauhohe kounga e whakamahia mō te kimi Radicals, me ngā huānga me pūhui hoki ngā i roto i te hanganga o te tauira. Hei ako i te kounga me te hanganga ine e whakamahia:

• tātari timatanga (whakaritea e te hanganga mea timatanga);
• tātari rāpoi (whakaturia e te hanganga o te pūhui matū i runga i te taumata rāpoi);
• tātari hanganga (he momo o te tātari rāpoi, tirotiro i te hanganga mokowā o ngota me ngā rāpoi ngota, ratou taimaha rāpoi , me te tātai tëtehi);
• tātari mahi (ngā pūhui matū waro ako e ngā rōpū mahi).

Ko te kupu, e taea te mohio i te reira e rua pūhui pararopi, me te organic. I roto i te aroaro o ngā huānga motuhake kia puta ngaro Whaitae hohenga kitea effervescence tukua rewa ranei me etahi atu ranei. Ki te whiriwhiria tika te kounga o te tauhohenga, i.e. whiriwhiri (whiriwhiri) mo te māraa ļa ngā anion ranei, me te tino tairongo (i.e., ka taea paepae rapunga te nui iti), te hua ka hei hua pono - te mutunga o te aroaro ngaro ranei i roto i te pūtau tauira taonga ranei . Ko te pūtake o tenei anga matou he wairewa waiwai o mōhiotia tauhohenga kounga katote.

No te pūhui pararopi, ratou te tupu pinepine i roto i wairewa waiwai, engari i roto i te take o tīhiko whakarewa alkali kawea rapunga i roto ka hanga tai maroke i roto i toharite (rawa) wāhanga wairua mura rama. Ka valivali nga tīhiko o konukōhatu (Li +) te mura i roto i te tae māwhero pouri. tīhiko pāhare pāporo (K +) - he puru, te konutai (Na +) - kōwhai, rubidium (RB +) - whero, caesium (Cs +) - i roto i te puru. kia kawea tīhiko tauhohenga kounga ai i roto hoki tai konu: whakaturia te aroaro o tīhiko konu (Ba2 +) e tāpiri i te kaiwhakahohe ki katote pūkawa (SO42-), mai i te hua konu pūkawa Nā te tae ma, e kore nei e tareka i roto i te waikawa: Ba2 + + SO42- → BaSO4 ↓. Kei te hanga e te aroaro o te māraa ļa mata (Pb2 +) kitea ka whai wāhi ki wai pūngāwhā otinga tote (S2-), ka rite ki te hua o te pūngāwhā mata, e tīwharawhara rite te hohenga pango: Pb2 + + S2- → PbS ↓. pai-mohiotia tauhohe kounga peheé, he maha rua tīhiko me ng ngota, a kua whakaahuatia ratou i roto i Analytical Chemistry.

A, no te kōwhiri i te whakautu-kounga tiketike ki te tauira whakamātautau, he reira pai ki te mohio ki nga ture whānui o te memehatanga o pūhui matū:

1. He wairewa pūhau katoa.
2. Tata ki te katoa e wairewa pāhare pāporo, te konutai me te haukinia tai.
3. He wairewa katoa te pūhau, bromides me iodides, ki te kahore hoki kōnakonako takirua hiriwa, mēkuri (ahau) ka Pb (II).
4. Ngā pūkawa katoa wairewa, te kahore konu pūkawa, strontium me te mata (II), e he rewakore, me te konupūmā pākawa me hiriwa, e he tika wairewa.
5. He rewakore anake pākawa waro, sulphites me katoa pākawa waro, whākawa me phosphates phosphates pāhare pāporo, te konutai me te haukinia.
6. sulfides katoa rewakore anake sulfides o konganuku alkali, konganuku kawakore whenua me te haukinia.
7. waihā katoa rewakore anake hoki waihā whakarewa kawakore. Strontium waihā, konupūmā me te konu e torutoru wairewa.

Taua matū organic pērā i waiwaro tahi (waiwaro parawini) waiwaro rua (waiwaro hamanga) ranei e taea te kitea te whakamahi i te otinga o te pāhare, i roto i te take tuatahi kore e huri ona tae kia rite waiwaro paraffinic ki pāporo kore ariu i roto i te matao. I roto i te take tuarua, riro taekore te otinga e tika ana ki leakage tauhohenga Wagner (hei tauira, ethylene): 2KMnO4 + 3C2H4 + 4H2O - → 2KOH + 3CH2OH-CH2OH + 2MnO2 ↓. Ka rite ki te hua, pata o te hohenga te konupora hāorarua he tae hāurakaho. Pūmua e matatini ngā pūhui matū waro e whakarato mahi faufaa o tetahi rauropi ora. Ratou huinga nui, te whakamāramatanga o te faufaa nui mahi. tauhohe kounga ki pūmua whakamahia mo enei take, kua wehea ratou ki te tae me te ingoa. Ki te to ratou awhina, e kore te reira e whakaritea e nga pūmua ratou, me waikawa amino i roto i a ratou.