Tākirirangi Space. tākirirangi wāhi Russian me te US

Ki te rā, he ahumahi wāhi kaha tino o te ao te Russian Federation. Russia Ko te rangatira motuhake i roto i te mara o te rere wāhi topu, me te hoki he örite ki te Hononga o Amerika i roto i nga mea o te whakatere wāhi. Ētahi o te backlog o to matou whenua, i reira e noa he rangahau tawhiti o te wāhi interplanetary, me rite i roto i te whanaketanga o te Tārewa mamao o te whenua.

kōrero

Space tākirirangi i tuatahi hapu e pūtaiao Russian Tsiolkovsky me Meshchersky. Ratou i roto i te 1897-1903 i hanga e ia te ariā o tona rere. He nui i muri, ka anga tenei au ki te whakawhanake i kaipūtaiao ke. Ko te Tiamana von Braun ko Oberth me te American Goddard. I roto i te rongo i waenganui i nga pakanga, te pātai o te kōpana toko, me te hanga hoki tenei whakaaro totoka me engines wai wāhi e toru anake whenua i roto i te ao. Ko Russia, te USA ko Germany.

E te 40 tau th o te rau tau 20, to matou whenua i taea e whakakake o te angitu tutuki i roto i te kaha engines mārō-propellant. Tenei whakaaetia te whakamahi o te patu kino i roto i te Pakanga II o te Ao rite "Katyusha". Ki te whakaaro ki te hanganga o missiles nui rawa ki te nekeneke inu, ko konei te rangatira o Germany. Ko roto i tenei whenua te tango i tangohia i te "V-2". Ko te missiles ballistic tuatahi, e whai he tawhiti iti tenei. I roto i te Tama'i II o te Ao, "V-2" i whakamahia mo te poma o Ingarangi.

I muri i te wikitoria Soviet runga Nasí Germany rōpū matua o Wernher von Braun raro tona kaiārahi tika whakarewahia ona mahi i roto i te United States. Heoi, ka mau ratou ki a ratou i te whenua patua i whakawhanakehia i mua tuhi me ngā tātaitanga ki runga i a te uiuia wāhi ki kia hanga. Anake te wahi iti o te rōpū o pūtaiao Tiamana me Engineers tonu tona mahi i roto i te Soviet Union tae noa te waenganui-50s o te rau tau 20. I to ratou tikanga ko etahi wahi o te taputapu tukanga me missiles, kahore tetahi tātai me tānga.

I roto i te heke mai, e rua i roto i te US me nga missiles USSR "V-2" (ko konei te P-1) Kua tāruatia, me i whakaritea te whanaketanga o te tākirirangi, hangaia ki te whakapiki ake i te whānuitanga.

ariā Tsiolkovsky

whakaaro tenei pūtaiao Russian nui me te ihi whaiaro-whakaako tino te papa o astronautics. Ratou ara i tuhituhia tuhinga hītori o "Space Free" i roto i te 1883. I roto i tenei mahi Tsiolkovsky fokotu'u wā tuatahi e te kaupapa o nga aorangi he taea, me te hiahia hoki tenei motuhake waka rererangi, e kiia nei ko "tākirirangi wāhi". Ko te ariā ano pūrere urupare kua whakamatauria e te reira i roto i 1903. I roto te reira i roto i te mahi e tika ana "Ako o te wāhi ao". Here te kaituhi homai taunakitanga e te tākirirangi wāhi ko te taputapu i te mea e taea ki te waiho te kōhauhau o te whenua. Tenei ariā ko te revolution tūturu i roto i te pūtaiao. I muri i te rere ki a Mars, kua moe te te taata marama me ētahi atu aorangi mo te wa roa. Heoi, kua taea ki te whakatau me pehea kia whakarite te rererangi ki te kia whakangaueuetia ake i roto i te wāhi tino kau, kahore tautoko, ahei kia hoatu a reira whakatere pūkenga. I faatiti'aifarohia tenei raruraru e Tsiolkovsky nei whakaarohia ki te whakamahi hoki i tēnei whakaaro o te pūkaha kōpana. Anake ki te awhina o te tikanga taua taea te wikitoria wāhi.

parau tumu o te mahi

tākirirangi Russian wāhi, te US me whenua atu i tawhiti atu ki te ohuraa whenua te whakamahi i te pūkaha tākirirangi, patua ana i roto i te wa e tika Tsiolkovsky. I roto i enei pūnaha, kua tahuri te pūngao matū o te wahie ki pūngao neke nohoia e te jet peia i te pupuha. O te tukanga ngā puta i roto i nga ruma ngingiha o taua engines. hua ratou tauhohenga piti me mahia wahie wera. Ko te kupu e faaaano te hua parariraa, wera, whakatere i roto i te pupuha a e pana ki te tere nui. Rocket neke i te whakawhetai ki te ture o te tiaki i te neke. Kei te whakatere te reira, whakahaua nei i roto i te huarahi i te ritenga.

Ki te rā, i reira he whakaaro pūkaha pērā i elevators wāhi, ngā rā solar, a na i runga i. D. Heoi, e kore ratou e tono i roto i te mahi, he tonu rite i raro i te whanaketanga.

Ko te waka ātea tuatahi

Rocket Tsiolkovskii whakaarohia e te pūtaiao kanohi he ruma whakarewa o te āhua elongated. Waho, ka titiro ia rite te opupu mua ranei. Mua, tikanga tākirirangi wāhi matenga i hoki ngā pāhihi. Here, pūrere mana kua tāuta, me te absorbers rongoa o te hauhā me te kai hāora. whakaratohia te rama wehenga te hoki pāhihi. Ko te wāhanga matua tuarua o te tākirirangi Ziolkowski whakaritea combustibles. A, no te uaua hua i roto i te hanganga o te papatipu taikaha. Ko te tinana i roto i tona wahi i whakaritea i roto i te ngakau o te tākirirangi me tuha i te putorino whakawhänui ki tere nui i roto i te puka o haurehu wera.

Hoki te wa roa kihai i pai-mohiotia te ingoa o Tsiolkovsky, ki waho e kore anake hoki engari i Russia. E rave rahi whakaaro ia he moemoea, he idealist me te rereke-moemoea. He aromatawai pono o te mahi o tenei kaiputaiao nui riro anake ki te haerenga mai o te mana Soviet.

Te hanga i te pūnaha pere o te USSR

Tino takahanga i roto i te whanaketanga o te wāhi interplanetary kua hanga i muri i te mutunga o te Pakanga Tuarua. Ko he wa ka, rite te mana karihi anake, ka anga te Hononga o Amerika ki te faaitoito pēhanga tōrangapū i runga i to tatou whenua. Ko te whakaaro taketake o i hoatu i roto i mua o to tatou kaiputaiao kua whakapakari i parepare o Russia. Hei aro i raro aroraa i roto i te tau o te pakanga matao i reira tika ki te hanga i tētahi ngota, me te ka poma hauwai. Ko te tuarua, kahore iti uaua mahi i ki te whakaora i te patu ki te ūnga. Hoki tenei a hiahiatia tākirirangi hōia. I roto i te tikanga ki te whakapumautia rite wawe rite 1946 tenei hangarau i whakaingoatia te kāwanatanga o nga kaihoahoa tino o ngā pūrere gyroscopic, engines tākirirangi, ngā pūnaha whakahaere, me te pera i runga i. D. Kawenga mō te hono ki te kōwae kotahi meinga nga pūnaha katoa SP Korolev.

Kua i roto i 1948 i pai whakamatauria te tetahi tuatahi whakawhanakehia i roto i te pere ballistic Soviet. kawea flights rite ana ki te US i roto i te tau torutoru i muri mai.

Ko te whakarewatanga o te amiorangi horihori

Haunga kāwanatanga hanga-Soviet hōia whakaturia ano te mahi o te hōpara ātea. Mahi i roto i tenei aronga i hanga e maha pūtaiao me kaihoahoa. i mua i Ahakoa kua ara te rangi ngā pere fakavaha'akonitinēnití, nga ngā o taua taputapu, ka reira mārama e na roto i te whakaiti i te ututaumaha o te rererangi, i taea te whakatutuki nui atu te tere wāhi. Tenei meka kōrero te taea o te withdrawal i runga i te ohuraa o te amiorangi horihori o te whenua. ka mau tenei hui taitahi-hanga wahi 10/04/1957 Ko te timatanga o te taumata hou i roto i te hōpara ātea.

Creation o missiles Soviet

Mahi i runga i te whanaketanga o te wāhi whenua e whae ka ui te kaha nui i runga i te wahi o maha ngā rōpū o kaihoahoa, pūtaiao, me te kaimahi. Ko te kaihanga o te tākirirangi wāhi i ki te whakawhanake i tētahi hōtaka mo te rererangi i roto i ohuraa, whenua patuiro te mahi, a na reira i runga i. D.

Ko te whāinga ko te mahi uaua. Ko reira tika ki te whakapiki ake i te papatipu o te tākirirangi me hanga reira taea ki te whakatutuki i te rua o te tere rangi. Ko te aha i roto i 1958-1959, whakawhanakehia te kē e toru-wāhanga o te pūkaha kōpana i roto i to tatou whenua. riro ki tona tenenga kua taea ki te hanga i te tākirirangi wāhi tuatahi, e taea e piki ki te āmio tangata. whakatuwheratia engines toru-wā, me te taea o rere ki te marama.

Next, whakarewa waka atu me te ake mātanga. Ko te kupu, i hanga te pūkaha jet wha-tauira i roto i te tau 1961. Ki a ia, ko te pere i taea tae kore anake te marama, engari ano hoki ki te tiki ki Mars Venus ranei.

Ko te whati topu tuatahi

I unuhia Tīmata tākirirangi wāhi ki te tangata i runga i te poari i tū tuatahi 12.04.1961 i te whenua "Vostok" ētehi e Yuriem Gagarinym. Tenei hui ko te taumata mō te tangata. I roto i te April 1961, riro te hōpara ātea tona whanaketanga hou. Ko te whakawhiti ki te whati topu ui e kaihoahoa waihanga taua rererangi, e pai hoki ki a Papatūānuku wikitoria humarie te kōhauhau. I tua atu, mahara te tākirirangi wāhi i ki kia whakaratohia hoki pūnaha ora-tautoko e ngā hau houtanga, kai tōtika me te ake. Kua pai te whakatau enei mahi katoa.

raweketanga o te wāhi

patopato "Vostok" tākirirangi mo te wa roa whai wāhi ki te pupuri o te tūranga ārahi o te USSR i te mara o te tūhura o mārua tata. Ratou whakamahi toro ki te wa nei. Whakatika ki te 1964 rererangi "Te Tai Rāwhiti" nui analogues ngā katoa i roto i tona kaha.

Ahua muri, i roto i to tatou whenua, me waka atu kaha kua hanga i roto i te United States. Ingoa o tākirirangi wāhi o tenei momo, hangaia i roto i to tatou whenua - te "iraoho-M". taputapu rite American - "Delta-IV». I roto i Europe, i hangaia te waka whakarewatanga "Ariane-5", e no ki te momo nui. Katoa o enei rererangi tukua putanga 21-25 taranata o te utanga ki te teitei o 200 km, e te mea āmionga iti-whenua.

whanaketanga hou

Ei tuhaa o te kaupapa rere ki Tarahihi me ki te marama i hanga RN no ki te piha haapiiraa super-taimaha. Ko te US pere wāhi rite "Saturn-5 'a H-1 Soviet enei. i whakapumautia i muri super-taimaha tākirirangi Soviet "Energy", e te wā e kore e whakamahia. Mano tākirirangi American ko te "Space Shuttle". Tenei pere whakaaetia papatipu āmionga waka ātea o 100 tana.

Manufacturers o rererangi

missiles Space hangaia, ka hanga i roto i te DB-1 (Motuhake Design Bureau) TSKBEM (Central Hoahoa whakamātautau Engineering Office), me te NGO (Scientific me Industrial Association) "Energy". Ko reira konei e kite i te marama o Russian missiles ballistic o ngā momo katoa. No reira ka haere mai matou, ka tahi complexes rautaki e tangohia e mo to tatou patu ope. Na roto i te mau tautooraa o enei kamupene i whakapumautia kaimahi me te R-7 - te tākirirangi wāhi tuatahi, whakaaro nei ko te pono tino i roto i te ao i reira. Mai i te waenganui o te rau tau whakamutunga, tīmataria enei ahumahi i ka whakahaere mahi i roto i ngā wāhi katoa e pā ana ki te whanaketanga o cosmonautics. Mai 1994, riro te kamupene he ingoa hou, hoko Oao RSC "Energía".

I teie mahana, te kaihanga o tākirirangi wāhi

RSC "Energía". SP Ko te Kuini ko te hinonga rautaki o Russia. nui te reira i te wāhi nui i roto i te hoahoa me te hanga o ngā pūnaha wāhi topu. utua aro nui te ki te hanga o hangarau hou. Tenei e whakawhanakehia motuhake pūnaha wāhi aunoa me te tākirirangi mō te whakarewa waka rererangi. I tua atu, RSC "Energy" Kei te kaha te whakauru hangarau tiketike mo te hanga o ngā hua e kore e pā ana ki te whanaketanga o te ereraa i.

Hei wāhanga o tenei kaupapa, i roto i te tua ki te matenga o te kapeneti hoahoa he:

- JSC "whakamātautau Machine Building Plant".

- JSC "PO" Cosmos ".

- JSC "Täingäwai Hoahoa Bureau".

- "Baikonur" manga.

Ko te tono tino whaihua o te hinonga ko:

- take o atu te hōpara ātea me te hanga o te whakatupuranga hou o te pūnaha transportation wāhi topu;

- te whanaketanga o te rererangi topu, e e taea ki te rangatira te wāhi interplanetary;

- te hoahoa me te hanganga o ngā pūnaha pūngao, me te wāhi torotoro waea mā te whakamahi i motuhake whakaata iti-rahi me Antennas.