Ko te tiango o te Ottoman Empire: hītori, ai, pānga me meka ngā

Te Pakanga o te Ao Tuatahi, i kawea ngaahi faingata'a ta'efa'alaua ki te iwi o Europa, i hanga te tiango mooni o te Ottoman Empire mō ngā rau tau te nuinga i runga i ngā wāhi nui, kua meinga nei e te patunga o tona roha hōia kaihoro. Whakaū ki uru atu te Central Powers, pērā i Germany, Austria-Hungary me Bulgaria, kei reira ki a ratou ite te kawa o te hinga, taea ki te mea atu e pā ana ki ahau kia rite ki te kingitanga ao ārahi.

Ko te kaiwhakarewa o te Ottoman Empire

I te mutunga o te rau tau XIII, riro ahau Osman Gazi i toku papa mana Bey Ertogrul runga rave rahi mano tini Turkish noho o Pirikia. Pororaa i te rangatiratanga o tenei wāhi iti, me te tango i te taitara o Sultan, i taea e ki te wikitoria i te wahi nui o ia Ahia , a kitea kingitanga kia kaha, ko roto i tona kororia Ottoman. i faataahia ia ki te whai wāhi nui i roto i te aamu ao.

Kua i te waenganui o te rau tau XIV ū hōia Turkish i runga i te rohe o Europe, me tīmata tona roha roa, kia reira he āhua i roto i rau tau XV-XVI tetahi o te rahi i roto i te ao. Heoi,, i reira kua kē te timatanga o te tiango o te Ottoman Empire i roto i te rau tau XVII, ka kore i mohio hinganga i mua, me te whakaaro ore ope Turkish tukua te patunga i nga taiepa o te whakapaipai Austria.

Ko te hinga tuatahi o nga Pakeha

I roto i te 1683, ka mau te mano tini Ottoman tino rerenga ki Vienna te pa e whakapaea ana. Ona tangata, i rongo nui e pā ana ki nga ritenga mohoao, me te hunga nanakia whakakitea enei Tautangata merekara o itoito, ki te tiaki ia ratou me o ratou mea aroha i etahi mate. E ai ki ngā tuhinga o mua, te angitu o te kaiwawao e te nuinga whakahaerehia e te meka e reira i roto i nga rangatira hoia, i taea ki te mātau, me te tere tango mehua ārai tika katoa e maha kau taki hōia rongonui o aua tau.

A, no te e te whakarau o te hoariri kua whakatau ki te āwhina o whakapae tae, Kingi o Poland. rere ratou, mahue Karaitiana taonga. Tenei wikitoria, i timata te parariraa o te Ottoman Empire, i hoki te iwi o Europe, runga ake katoa, he uara hinengaro. DG ia te pūrākau o te paari rahi o te tauranga katoa-kaha, rite ko te tikanga i roto i Pakeha karanga te Ottoman Empire.

Tīmata parekura rohe

Kua meinga tenei mate, me te he maha o ngā rahunga muri te herehere i roto i te Hānuere 1699 Karlovitskogo ao. E ai ki tenei tuhinga ngaro Porta i mua i mana te reira i te rohe o Hungary, Transylvania ko Timisoara. Kua neke Ko tōna rohe ki te tonga mo te tawhiti nui. Ko reira kua tino he patu taimaha ki tona tapatahi emepaea.

Raruraru i roto i te rau tau XVIII

Ki te te hawhe tuatahi o te, rau tau i muri XVIII, i tohua e etahi angitu hōia o te Ottoman Empire, tuku i te reira ahakoa ki te mate rangitahi o Derbent, engari te pupuri uru ki nga Moana Black ko Azov, te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau i kawea mai he maha o fakaholomui, whakatau hoki te parariraa o te Ottoman Empire heke mai.

Ko te hinganga o te whawhai Turkish, i arahina Catherine II ki te Ottoman Sultan, hanga te tohu whakamutunga i roto i te Hōngongoi 1774 tiriti rangimarie, i raro i i riro Russia whenua totoro i waenganui i te Dnieper me Bug Southern. hopoi mai i muri tau he kino hou - ngaro tukuna Port ki te Austria Bukovina.

Kua oti te hoki te rau tau XVIII Ottoman he kino oti. hinga Whakamutunga i roto i te pakanga Russian-Turkish arahina ki te mutunga o te tino kino, me te haama ao Jassy, rite ki nei te koraha ki a Russia katoa raki Black Moana rohe, tae atu ki te kūrae Crimean.

Ko te waitohu i runga i te tuhinga tiwhikete e a mua ake nei, me te ake to tatou Crimea, hoatu Prince Potemkin fakatāutaha. I tua atu, ka takoha te Ottoman Empire ki te ringa i runga i whenua Russian i waenganui i te Bug Southern ko Dniester, me te haere mai ki ngā ki te mate o tona tūranga tino i roto i te Caucasus me nga Balkans.

Ko te timatanga o te rau tau hou, me nga mate hou

I whakaritea te timatanga o te tiango o te Ottoman Empire i roto i te rau tau 19 a ia i tetahi atu hinga i roto i te pakanga Russian-Turkish o 1806-1812. Ko te hua o tenei ko te hainatanga i roto i Bucharest o tetahi, i roto i te meka, tuukino ki te Tauranga Tiriti. Ko te taha ki Russian i te nuinga mana Mihail Illarionovich Kutuzov, me Turkish - Ahmed Pasha. Ko te rohe katoa i te Dniester ki te Prut haere ana Russia, a ka mohiotia rite te rohe tuatahi o Bessarabia, na te kawanatanga o Bessarabia, inaianei Moldova he.

Ko te ngana i te Turkey i roto i 1828 i roto i te whakamātau ki te tango i te utu Russian mō parekura mua tahuri te hinga hou, me tetahi atu hainatia e te tau e haere ake i roto i Andreapol te rongo tiriti, tangohia atu ana e ia o te rohe kua tino skimpy o te Tanupi Delta. I te tihi o te whakapawera i te wa ano i whakaatu tona motuhake Kariki.

angitu wā-poto, ano he huringa o pāpaka

Ko te wa Otomení waimarie anake i roto i te Pakanga Crimean o 1853-1856, ineptly ngaro Nicholas I. tana mono i runga i te torona o te emepera Russian Alexander II takoha i ki tuku Bessarabia Porte nui wahi, engari i roto i te tau o muri 1877-1878 hoki he whawhai hou ki o ratou tūru.

mimiti haere tonu o te Ottoman Empire. Te tango painga o te kau pai, i roto i te taua tau wehea ia i Romania, Serbia and Montenegro. whakaaturia whenua e toru katoa ratou motuhake. mutu te reira i te rau tau XVIII ki te uniana Ottoman o te raki Bulgaria me te rohe no ki a ratou te kingitanga, ko Southern Rumelia.

Ko te whawhai ki te Balkan Union

rā hoki ki te tiango whakamutunga o te Ottoman Empire me te Turkish mātauranga Republic XX rau. I mua tenei i te raupapa o ngā, i tīmata i roto i 1908, whakaaturia Bulgaria tona mana motuhake me te mutunga reira ki te rima rau ioka Turkish. I aru tenei e te whawhai o 1912-1913, whakaaturia Porte Balkan Union. ngā reira Bulgaria, Kariki, Serbia and Montenegro. Ko te whakaaro o enei āhua ko te hopu o rohe no i nga Otomení.

Ahakoa te meka e hoatu nga Turkey rua ope kaha, Tonga ko Te Tai Tokerau, ko te whawhai, i mutu i wikitoria mo te Balkan Alliance, arahina ki te hainatanga o tetahi whakaaetanga i roto i London, whakaputa tenei wa te Ottoman Empire tata te kūrae Balkan katoa, mahue ia ki anake te wahi iti o Istanbul me Thrace. Ko te wahi matua o nga rohe e nohoia kua riro, Kariki ko Serbia, i nui haere i te utu o to ratou rohe tata rererua. I aua ra, a naku tena i te āhua hou - Albania.

Ko te karanga o te Republic o Turkey

Mō pehea te parariraa o te Ottoman Empire i roto i nga tau i aru, tika koe e taea e whakaaro, e whai ake nei i te akoranga o te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao. E hiahia ana ki te whakahokia mai i te iti rawa wahi o te ngaro i roto i te rau tau whakamutunga, te rohe ka mau, te Port wahi i roto i te whawhai, engari ki tona aitua, i nga mana taha ngaro - Germany, Austria-Hungary me Bulgaria. Ko te reira i te patu whakamutunga, kuru te kingitanga kotahi kaha, mau mai i te wehi ki te ao katoa. kihai i whakaora ahau ia, ka riro i te wikitoria 1922 ki runga ki Kariki. Ko tina heke kē te tukanga o te mimiti.

mutu te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao ki te hainatanga o Tauranga i te tau 1920 Sevres Tiriti, i raro i nei wah pilfered te mua hoa, noho i raro i te mana Turkish o riro te rohe. arahina tenei katoa ki te tiango oti, me tona whakapuakitanga o 29 Oketopa 1923 te Republic o Turkey. Tenei mahi tohua te mutunga o neke atu i te ono rau ngā kōrero o te Ottoman Empire.

Te nuinga o ngā kairangahau kite tiango take o te Ottoman Empire, rawa i roto i te backwardness o tona ōhanga, te taumata tino iti o te ahumahi, e kore e reira rori nui, me te tahi atu ara o te kōrero. I roto i te whenua e ko i te taumata o te feudalism wharekarakia, i matau ki tata te taupori katoa. Na roto i te tohu maha i nui kino whakawhanakehia atu i te tahi atu āhua o te wā kingitanga.

taunakitanga Whāinga e te parariraa o te kingitanga

Te kōrero e pā ana ki te mea whakakitea āhuatanga mimiti haere o te Ottoman Empire, kia whakahuatia ai te tuatahi o nga tukanga tōrangapū katoa tango wahi i roto i reira i te timatanga o te rau tau XX me ko reira ngā taea i roto i te wā mua. huaina ana tēnei ko te Young Turk Revolution o 1908, i roto i nei ka mau te mana i roto i nga mema o te whenua o te whakahaere "Union mo e Fakalakalaka". hurihia ratou te Sultan, a hoatu te kaupapa ture.

Tahae tonu roa ratou i roto i te mana, whakakapia e ngā kaitautoko o te Sultan whakataka. ki tonu wā A pee-ake i te toto meinga e collisions whawhai wehenga, me te huringa o nga rangatira. tenei taunakitanga papû katoa o te meka i riro he mana centralized kaha te, a ka haere mai te parariraa o te Ottoman Empire.

Poto Whakarāpopoto ake, me mea te reira Kua oti e Turkey te ara, hoki i rite senituli mo States katoa, kua mahue ratou tohu i runga i hītori. Ko te whanau, pua tere tenei, a te mutunga peka, maha arata'i ki to ratou ngaro. kihai i te Ottoman Empire haere katoa hia, hoko enei, ahakoa pehi, engari e kore e te mema tino o te hapori ao.