Kura Scientific o Whakahaere. māngai kura o te whakahaere pūtaiao

whakaaro hou i runga i te ariā o te whakahaere, i whakatakotoria te turanga o te kura whakahaere pūtaiao, he tino kanorau. parau te tuhinga e pā ana ki te ārahi kura whakahaere tāwāhi, me nga kaiwhakatū o te whakahaere.

Ko te takenga mai o te pūtaiao

Whakahaere he hītori roa, engari ka timata ariā whakahaere ki te whakawhanake anake i roto i te timatanga o XX rautau. whakaaro te putanga o te pūtaiao whakahaere te ki te waiho i te nama ki a Frederick Taylor (1856-1915 gg.). kaiwhakaū o te kura o te whakahaere pūtaiao, Taylor, me ētahi atu kairangahau tīmataria te ako o tikanga me ngā tikanga o te whakahaere.

whakaaro hou e pā ana ki te pehea, ki te whakahaere, whakahihiri puta i mua, engari kihai i roto i te tono. Hei tauira, ko te angitu rawa te kaupapa Roberta Ouena (te timatanga o XIX rautau). hopoi mai tona wheketere i roto i Scotland atu te pai mā te waihanga i tētahi taiao mahi e turai iwi ki te mahi tōtika. E whakaratohia kaimahi me o ratou hapu ki whare, mahi i roto i nga tikanga pai, whakatenatena matou taonga. Otiia kihai i nga kaipakihi o taua wa rite ki te whai Owen.

I 1885, i reira ko te kura tëtehi, ko tona māngai i roto i whakarara ki te kura Taylor (Drucker, Ford, Haimona) i o te whakaaro i whakahaere ko te toi. taea anake te hāngai te ārahitanga angitu i runga i wheako me te pūmanawa, engari ehara i te mea pūtaiao.

Ko roto i te US i te timatanga o te rau tau XX reira nga tikanga pai i roto i nei te timatanga o te kukuwhatanga o ngā kura whakahaere pūtaiao. I roto i te whenua manapori kua hanga e te reira i te mākete mahi nui. Access ki te mātauranga kua awhinatia maha iwi atamai ki te whakaatu i to ratou kounga. Whanaketanga o waka, whai wāhi te ōhanga ki te whakapakari o te motuhake ki te hanganga kāwanatanga taumata-maha. E hiahiatia ana ara hou o te kaiārahi. I roto i te 1911 whakaputaina he pukapuka i Frederika Teylora "te mau parau tumu whakahaere pūtaiao," whakatakotoria te turanga mo te rangahau i roto i te mara o te pūtaiao hou - whakahaere.

Kura o Whakahaere Science Taylor (1885-1920 biennium).

Ko te papa o te whakahaere hou e whakaarohia ana Frederick Taylor, a tapa'opa'ohia te nga ture o te whakahaere kouma o te mahi. Ki te awhina, faahapa e ia te whakaaro o te rangahau e kia ako te mahi i ngā tikanga pūtaiao.

• innovations a Taylor ko nga tikanga o te hihiri, tōtika utu, okiokinga me te wehenga i roto i te hanga, te wā, ture, kōwhiringa ngaio me te whakangungu o ngā kaimahi, te whakataki o kāri o ngā ture mahi.
• Fakataha ki nga kau muimui o Taylor whakamatauria e te whakamahi o ngā kitenga, inenga me tätari ka āwhina i ki whakahaere ā-mahi, me te hanga i taua mea atu tino. Ko te kupu whakataki o te waehere whakamahi me paerewa whakaaetia ki te whakaara utu ki kaimahi tōtika atu.
• kihai i Supporters o te kura tau'a ore i te tauwehe te tangata. Kupu Whakataki huarahi ki te whakatairanga taea ki te whakapiki ake i te hihiri o ngā kaimahi ki te whakapiki ake i hua.
• dismembered Taylor mahi mahi, wehea kawenga whakahaere (whakahaere me te whakamahere) o te mahi tūturu. whakapono māngai kura o te whakahaere pūtaiao e mahi mahi whakahaere i te iwi ki tenei motuhake. Ko ratou o te whakaaro e te kukū o ngā rōpū rerekē o kaimahi i runga i te meka aha e taea ki te hanga angitu atu whakahaere ratou.

Ko te pūnaha hanga e Taylor mohio atu e hāngai ana ki te tarutaru pakiaka kaiwhakahaere ki whänui whakawhänui production. hanga te kura o te whakahaere pūtaiao Taylor kua he pūtake pūtaiao hei utu o ngā mahi tawhito mahi. no hoki kura kaitautoko ki kairangahau pērā i F. ko L. Gilbert, G. Gantt, Weber, G. Emerson, H. Ford, G. Grant, OA Yermansky.

Ko te whanaketanga o te kura whakahaere pūtaiao

ako Frank ko Lillian Gilbreth nga āhuatanga e pā hua. Hei maukati i te motini ina te raveraa i ngā mahi e whakamahia ana e ratou he kāmera kiriata me te ake tenenga o te mea (mikrohronometr). whakaaetia te rangahau ki te huri i te akoranga o te mahi, i te whakakore nekehanga faufaa.

tono Gilbreath paerewa, me te taputapu mo te hanga, e atu arahina ki te putanga o nga paerewa mahi e kua whakatinanahia kura whakahaere pūtaiao. ako F. Gilbreth te āhuatanga e awe ana hua. wahia e ia a ratou ki ngā rōpū e toru:

1. pā ana te taurangi ki te hauora, āhua, taumata Force o te ahurea me te mātauranga.
2. Ko te taurangi e pā ana ki te mahi tikanga, te taiao, ngā rauemi, ngā taputapu, me te taputapu.
3. Ko te taurangi e pā ana ki te tere: tere, pai, automaticity, me ētahi atu.

Ka rite ki te hua, mutu Gilbert tūhuratanga e nga nekehanga ko nga āhuatanga tino nui.

oti ture kura whakahaere pūtaiao Basic i Maksom Veberom. whakatakoto te pūtaiao e ono parau tumu mo te mahi kouma o te hinonga, e takoto i roto i te kouma, whakaako, e fakafuofua, te wehenga o te mahi, whāiti i o te poari whakahaere, te ture o ngā mahi, me te subordinated ki te whāinga noa.

i haere tonu te kura o Whakahaere Science F. Taylor me tona take whai Genri Forda, oti te mau parau tumu o Taylor, ki te whakakotahi tukanga katoa i roto i te hanga o wehewehe i te mahi ki ngā wāhanga. Ford mīhini ka tukutahitia production, whakarite i te reira i runga i te parau tumu o te ara nekeneke, ai te utu production heke i 9 wā.

Kua riro te kura pūtaiao tuatahi o te whakahaere i te turanga totoka mo te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao whakahaere. Taylor kura he taiea kore anake maha kaha, engari ano hoki paruparu: te ako o te koki mana o te huarahi aunoa, hihiri i roto i utu o nga hiahia utilitarian o nga kaimahi.

Whakahaerenga (puāwaitanga) Rangahau School o Whakahaere (1920-1950).

tīmataria te kura whakahaere te whanaketanga o te mau parau tumu, me mahi te arata'iraa, rapu hoki te huarahi pūnahanaha ki te whakapai ake i te tōtika te whakahaere o te hinonga katoa. He wāhi nui ki tona whanaketanga i hanga e A. Fayolle, D. Mooney, L. Urwick A. Ginsburg, A. Sloane A. Gastev. e pā ana whanau o te kura Whakahaere te ki te ingoa Anri Fayolya, mahi atu atu i te 50 tau mo te painga o te kamupene French i te mara o te tukatuka o waro me te ore rino. mahi Dindall Urwick rite kaitohutohu ki te whakahaere i roto i Ingarangi. mahi Dzheyms Muni raro Alfred Sloan i roto i te "Motors General".

whakawhanakehia Scientific me whakahaere kura whakahaere i roto i ngā tohutohu rerekē, engari kīnaki tahi i te tahi. i whakaaro Supporters o te whakahaere o te kura i rite tona whāinga matua ki te whakatutuki i te tōtika o te whakahaere rite te katoa, mā te whakamahi i te mau parau tumu ao. i taea e ki te titiro i te kamupene i te hi'oraa o te whanaketanga wā roa-te kairangahau, ka tāutuhia noa ki ngā umanga āhuatanga me ngā tauira katoa.

I roto i te pukapuka, i whakaahuatia tuatahi Fayol "General me Whakahaere mo Ahumahi" Whakahaere rite te tukanga e ngā rave rahi mahi (whakamahere, whakahaere, hihiri, ture me te mana).

hanga Fayolle 14 parau tumu ao e tukua te kamupene ki te whakatutuki angitu:

• wehenga o te mahi;
• te huinga o te mana me te kawenga;
• te pupuri i te ako;
• kotahitanga o whakahau;
• aronga noa;
• te subordination o nga ngākau nuitanga o ratou ake ngākau nuitanga ngā;
• taiutu kaimahi;
• centralization;
• mekameka pāhekoheko;
• te tikanga;
• te whakawa;
• te pūmautanga o ngā mahi;
• kaupapa whakatairanga;
• wairua rangatōpū.

kura whanaunga tangata (1930-1950 biennium).

e kore e tango i ngā kura Puāwaitanga o te whakahaere ki pūkete tetahi o nga āhuatanga matua o te whakahaere angitu - te tauwehe te tangata. tukua nga tōnounou o huarahi o mua te kura neoclassical. Ko tōna wāhi nui ki te whakahaere o te whanaketanga ko te whakamahi o te matauranga e pā ana ki te whanaungatanga pāhekoheko. Ko te kaupapa mō ngā whanaunga tangata me te pūtaiao whanonga - ko te kura pūtaiao tuatahi o te whakahaere, ko wai whakamahia ana ki te whakatutuki i hinengaro me te pāpori tenei. Ko te whanaketanga o te kura o whanaunga tangata timata e rua mataotao: Meri Parker Follett ko Elton Mayo.

tuatahi ka haere Miss Follett ki te mutunga i te whakahaere, ko te ki te whakarite kia te mahi ki te awhina o te tahi atu mau taata. whakapono ia e kore e tukinotia ōkawa anake te kaiwhakahaere ki te kaiwhakahaere, a kia hei rangatira ratou.

Mayo whakamatauria roto ngā e kore e arahi tonu mārama tikanga, tohutohu, me utu tika ki te hua teitei, i mahara iho ia te kaiwhakarewa o whakahaere pūtaiao Taylor te kura. maha whanaunga i roto i te kapa nui nga tautooraa o te whakahaere. Hei tauira, kia nui ake hoki te manawarü kaimahi i te tauwhāiti i te kaiwhakahaere utu pūtea ranei te whakaaro o hoa. whanau Mayo i te whakawhetai ki te rapunga whakaaro pāpori o te whakahaere.

kawea ana ngā Mayo te roto mō te 13 tau i roto i te wheketere i Horton. whakamatauria e ia e waiaro huringa o te iwi ki te kia te mahi e tika ana ki te mana o te rōpū. tohutohu Mayo ki te whakamahi i roto i te whakahaere o poapoa fakalaumālié, pērā i kōrero kaimahi ki hoa. tohe ia nga kau taki ki te whakarongo ki te whanaungatanga i roto i te kapa.

"Ngā Hortonskie" ko te timatanga:

• ako o whanaunga ngātahi i roto i te hinonga maha;
• rōpū kaute ari hinengaro;
• rapunga o hihiri;
• Studies o whanaunga i waenganui i te iwi;
• tautuhi i te tūranga o ia mema kaimahi me te rōpū iti i roto i te rōpū mahi.

Kura o Sciences Whanonga (1930-1950 biennium).

Ko te mutunga o te 50s - he wā o fanauraa o te kura o whanaunga tangata kura o sciences whanonga. Ko te wahi tuatahi i haere kahore he tikanga mō te hanga whanaungatanga pāhekoheko, me te tōtika o te kaimahi me te hinonga rite te katoa. Kua arahina whanonga huarahi pūtaiao me te whakahaere kura ki te putanga o ngā mahi whakahaere hou - te whakahaere rauemi tangata.

E nga tau tāpua o tenei rohe ko: Douglas McGregor, Frederika Gertsberga, Chris Argyris, Likert Rensisa. Kua riro te ahanoa o pūtaiao rangahau taunekeneke pāpori, hihiri, te mana, te ārahitanga, me te mana, ngā hanganga whakahaere, kōrero, te kounga o te mahi ora, me te mahi. oho atu i te tikanga hononga-hanga i roto i ngā rōpū i te huarahi hou, ka arotahi ki runga i te āwhina i te kaimahi ki te ite ona ake kaha ratou. Ko te ariā o sciences whanonga kua whakamahia i roto i te hanga o ngā rōpū, me te whakahaere. Kaiwhakahau kī te whakaaro o ngā kura: te tōtika tiketike o te hinonga tika ki te tōtika tiketike o ona rauemi tangata.

Douglas McGregor whakawhanakehia he ariā e pā ana ki te momo e rua o te whakahaere "X" me "Y" i runga i te momo o te hononga ki tona kaiwhakahaere rānei: Ngātuere, me te manapori. Ko te putanga o te ako ko te mutunga e whai hua ake te kāhua manapori o te whakahaere. whakapono McGregor e kia hanga kaiwhakahaere i tētahi taiao i roto i nei kihai te kaimahi i noho noa kaha ki te whakatutuki i te whāinga o te hinonga, engari ano ki te whakatutuki i ngā whāinga whaiaro.

Meiha takoha ki te whanaketanga o te kura he kaimātai hinengaro Aperahama Maslow, nana nei i hanga te koeko o hiahia. whakapono ia e me te kaiwhakahaere kite whakaritenga awhenga, me te tīpako tikanga e tika ana o te hihiri. tāutuhia Maslow hiahia tuatahi pūmau (whaiaroaro) me Tuarua (pāpori, mana, wairua), kei te rerekē haere tonu. ka tenei ariā te pūtake mo te tokomaha o te tauira whakahihiko o tenei ra.

huarahi ine kura (1950)

He wāhi nui o te kura, ko te whakamahi o tauira pāngarau i roto i te whakahaere, me te whānuitanga o ngā tikanga ine i roto i te mau faaotiraa whakahaere. I roto i nga kaitautoko o te kura tohatoha R. Ackoff, Bertalanffy, R. Kalman S. Forrestra E. atutu, S. Haimona. tikanga Direction te ki te whakauru ki roto ki te whakahaere o nga kura matua o te whakahaere, tikanga , me te taputapu o te pūtaiao tangohia.

i tika ki te whanaketanga o cybernetics me ngā mahi rangahau i te putanga o te kura. I roto i te kura i reira, ko te ako motuhake - te ariā o ngā whakataunga whakahaere. E pā ana Studies o tenei rohe ki te whanaketanga o:

• tikanga o te tauira pāngarau o te rongoā whakahaere waihanga;
• hātepe mō te tīpako rongoā tino whakamahi tatauranga, kēmu ariā me ētahi atu huarahi pūtaiao;
• tauira pāngarau mō tītohunga i roto i te āhua ka whakamahia, me te rāpopototanga o te ōhanga;
• tauira tauine, whaihanga te kamupene ranei tauira toenga takitahi u utu ranei te hanga o ngā hua, tauira mō te forecasting whanaketanga pūtaiao, hangarau, me te ohaoha.

kura tëtehi

e kore e taea te whakaaro kura pūtaiao Modern waho nga whakatutukitanga o te kura tëtehi o te whakahaere. whakapono Ko tōna māngai e kia waiho te mahi matua i roto i te mara o te rangahau whakahaere te kohinga o ngā rauemi mahi, me te hanga o te tūtohutanga mō ngā kaiwhakahaere. Kua riro māngai faahiahia o te kura Pita Drucker, Rey Devis, Lourens Nyumen, Don Miller.

Ua tauturu te kura te whakahaere i te tohatoha o te tikanga motuhake, me te e rua tohutohu. inaianei whakawhanake raruraru whakahaere rangahau, me te whakatinana i ngā ariā whakahaere hou - te tuatahi. Ko te tuarua - te ako o ngaahi fatongia mahi me ngā kawenga o ngā kaiwhakahaere. "Empiricists" kī e te rangatira hanga etahi rauemi o te hinonga kotahi. A, no te mau faaotiraa, hāngai te reira i runga i te heke mai o te hinonga me ona opuaraa.

hangaia Tetahi kaiwhakahaere te ki te mahi i etahi mahi:

• te whakatakoto whāinga pakihi me te kōwhiringa o ara whanaketanga;
• whakarōpū, tohatoha o te mahi, te hanga o te hanganga whakahaere, kimi me te whakanohonga o ngā kaimahi me ētahi atu;
• whakatairanga me te ruruku o kaimahi, te tirotiro i te pūtake o whanaunga i waenganui i nga kaiwhakahaere me te tokotoko;
• tātari i whakarite ai o te kamupene me te hunga katoa i mahi ki runga ki taua mea;
• hihiri rānei i runga i te hua whakahaere.

Ko te kupu, nga mahi o te kaiwhakahaere hou riro matatini. kia whai mōhiotanga i mara rerekē te kaiwhakahaere, me te tono i te tikanga whakamatauria i roto i te mahi. tau kura whakaaetia o raruraru whakahaere tino nuitia tūpono i roto i te nui-tauine production ahumahi.

Kura o Social Systems

whakamahi kura Social ki te whakatutuki i te kura o "whanaunga tangata" a ka whakaaro te kaimahi rite te tangata ka kitea te takotoranga pāpori me ngā hiahia e i roto i te taiao whakahaere. hoki pā taiao hinonga nga hiahia mātauranga o te kaimahi.

E nga māngai kānapanapa o te kura ngā Jane March, Herbert Haimona, Amitai Etzioni. haere tenei au i roto i te ako o te āhuatanga, me te o te wahi o te tangata i roto i te whakahaere i atu i te tahi atu kura o te whakahaere. faaite poto te postulate o "pūnaha pāpori" e whai ake: ko te hiahia o te takitahi me ngā hiahia ngātahi ko te tikanga tawhiti motu.

Na roto i te mahi o te tangata, ko te taea e ki te whakatau i to ratou mau hinaaro i roto i te taumata i muri te taumata, neke teitei i roto i te raupapatanga o ngā hiahia. Ko te ngako o te whakahaere, ko te taua e maha te reira contradicts te whakawhitinga ki te taumata muri. Puta tauārai ki nekehanga kaimahi ki o koutou whāinga meinga nei papā. mahi kura - ki te whakaiti i to ratou kaha ki te awhina o ngā pūtahi rangahau rite te pūnaha pāpori-hangarau matatini.

Whakahaere Rauemi Human

Ko te hītori o te putanga o "whakahaere rauemi tangata" e pā ana ki te tau 60-th o XX rautau. whakaaro Model sociologist kaimahi R. Milles rite te puna o rahui. E ai ki te ariā, e kore e pai ake te whakahaere e te whāinga matua rite taunaki kura whakahaere pūtaiao. Poto e taea te faaite i te auraa o te "whakahaere tangata" e whai ake: kia hiahia te hua o te fafauraa whaiaro o ia kaimahi.

kamupene nui taea tonu ki te pupuri i ngā kaimahi pai. Na reira, ko te take tangata ko te take rautaki nui mo te whakahaere. Ko reira tino huru nui mō te oranga i roto i te taiao mākete uaua. Ko te whāinga o tenei momo o te whakahaere e kore e tano utu tika, me te whakatairanga, te whanaketanga me te whakangungu o te kaimahi ngaio ki te whakatinana tōtika whāinga whakahaere. Ko te ngako o tenei kaupapa, ko te e kaimahi - he rawa o te whakahaere, whakapaipai, e kore e rapua e nui te mana, me te ti'aturi i runga i te hihiri me te manawarü.