Luminescence: momo, tikanga, me tono. Thermally luminescence whakaihiihi - he aha te mea tenei?

Luminescence - Ko te paheke o te marama i te etahi rauemi i roto i te āhua ngā makariri. rere ke te reira i te radiation o tinana aano, pērā i tahu te rakau ranei waro, he rino whakarewa me te waea te tahu e te nāianei hiko. kitea te luminescence tukunga:

• i roto i te haukura me kōrekoreko rama, televisions, ngā mata hihiani me fluoroscopes;
• i roto i ngā matū organic pērā i luminol luciferin ranei i fireflies;
• i roto i etahi uhi whakamahia i roto i te pānuitanga o waho;
• ki uira me te aurora.

I roto i enei ari katoa e kore e meinga e paheke marama mā te whakawera i te rauemi i runga te pāmahana rūma, na huaina ko reira te marama makariri. Ko te uara mahi o te rauemi luminescent ko to ratou kaha ki te whakaahua ke i te ahua e kitea o te pūngao ki te marama kitea.

Rauemi me te tukanga

puta luminescence āhuatanga rite ki te hua o te rauemi absorption pūngao, mo te tauira, i te puna o te hihi katinga ranei X-hihi, kurupae irahiko, tauhohe matū, ka pera i runga i. d. Nā tēnei, i roto i te ngota taonga ki te āhua fiefia. Mai te mea te reira iu, te hoki rauemi ki tona āhua taketake, me te pūngao whenumi tukua te rite te marama wera, me te / ranei. Ko tā te tukanga anake nga irahiko waho. Tei luminescence tōtika i runga i te tohu o te faafariuraa o te excitation pūngao ki te marama. Ko te maha o ngā rauemi e whai rawaka mahi mo te whakamahi mahi, he āhua iti.

Luminescence me incandescence

e kore te luminescence excitation e pā ana ki te excitation o ngota. A, no te timata rauemi wera ki te anaana rite ki te hua o topuku, ko o ratou ngota i roto i te āhua fiefia. Ahakoa wiri ratou ara i te pāmahana rūma, he reira nui e puta te radiation i roto i te rohe spectral tawhiti pōkākā. Ki te whakanui ake i te pāmahana te hünuku te auau o te radiation hiko i roto i te rohe kitea. I te tahi atu te ringa, i pāmahana tiketike rawa nei e hanga, hei tauira, i roto i ngongo ru, collisions ngota e taea kia kia kaha e wehea nga irahiko i a ratou, ka recombine, emitting marama. I roto i tenei take, luminescence me te aano atu hei indistinguishable.

uhi antibody me tae,

uhi tikanga me tae i te tae kia rite ki whakaata ratou e wahi o te hihinga i te mea tautoko whenumi. Kei te tahuri te wahi iti o te pūngao ki wera, engari puta he paheke nui. Ki te, Heoi, absorbs te ngarahu antibody marama i roto i te whānuitanga o te rohe ngā, taea emit reira pūaho, rerekē i te whakaata. puta tenei rite ki te hua o ngā tukanga i roto i te tae ngarahu ranei rāpoi ngota, i e taea te tahuri hihi katinga marama ki kitea, mo te tauira, te marama puru. E whakamahia tikanga luminescence taua i roto i te pānuitanga o waho, me te i roto i puehu horoi. I roto i te take whakamutunga, te "fakamahino'i" tonu i roto i te kikokiko kahore anake ki te whakaata i te ma, engari ano ki te tahuri hihi katinga radiation ki puru, kōwhai o Paremata me te whakarei ake kanapa.

akoranga wawe

Ahakoa tonu i mohiotia uira Aurora me mura puhoi o fireflies me harore kua ki te taata, ka anga nga akoranga luminescence tuatahi ki te rauemi waihanga, ka Vincenzo Kaskariolo alchemist me tiaa o Bologna (Itāria), i roto i te 1603 g. Ranunga wera o te konu pūkawa (barite i te puka, tira rākau taimaha) ki waro. Ko te paura whiwhi i muri tautauā, po luminescence puru tukuna, ka kite Kaskariolo e taea te whakahokia te reira na roto i te ngohengohe te paura ki te rā. te ingoa i te taonga i "Solaris hapaira" ranei Ofa'i, no te mea tumanako alchemists e he reira e taea ki te tahuri konganuku turanga ki te koura, ki te tohu o e ko te ra. kua meinga e afterglow te moni o maha pūtaiao o te wā, hoatu rauemi me ngā ingoa atu, tae atu "ūkuikui", e te tikanga "kawe o te marama".

I teie mahana te ingoa "ūkuikui" Kei te whakamahia anake mo te huānga matū, i te rauemi microcrystalline luminescent huaina te phosphor. "Phosphorus" Kaskariolo, āhua, ko sulfide pārana. Ko te phosphor commercially wātea tuatahi (1870) ka he "peita Balmain" - otinga o te konupūmā sulfide. I te tau 1866, i whakaahuatia ai i roto i te phosphor pūmau konutea sulfide tuatahi o - tetahi o te nui tino i roto i te hangarau hou.

Ko tētahi o nga rangahau pūtaiao tuatahi o te luminescence, whakakitea nei i pirau rakau kikokiko me fireflies ranei, i whakamana i te 1672 e te kaipūtaiao English Robert Boyle, e, ahakoa kahore ia i mohio e pā ana ki te takenga mai matüora o tenei marama, heoi whakaturia etahi o nga āhuatanga taketake o ngā pūnaha bioluminescent:

• Anaana matao;
• Ka taea te tāmia te reira e āpiha matū pērā i te waipiro, te waikawa pūhaumāota me te haukini;
• titau uru ki te rangi radiation.

I roto i nga tau 1885-1887, i kitea ai e tangohanga masivesivá i fireflies Te Hau-ā-uru Indian (pyrophorus) me te puku Foladi ka konatunatua hua te marama.

Ko te rauemi chemiluminescent whai hua tuatahi i nonbiological pūhui waihanga pērā i luminol, kitea i roto i te tau 1928 tau.

Chemi- me te kārohirohi

Te nuinga o te pūngao tukua i roto i te tauhohe matū, ngā tauhohenga piti hāora, kua te ahua o te wera. I roto i te tahi mau tauhohe, engari he wahi e whakamahia ana ki te whakaongaonga i ngā irahiko ki runga ki ngā taumata teitei, me te i roto i ngā rāpoi ngota antibody i mua i te chemiluminescence (CL). whakaatu Studies e CL ko te āhuatanga ao, engari ko te kia iti e titau te reira i te whakamahi o pūhohe tairongo te kaha luminescence. E, Heoi, etahi o nga pūhui e whakaatu oraora CL. Ko te pai o enei mohiotia he luminol, i runga hāora ki te hauwai e taea tukua te marama puru puru-matomato ranei kaha. Ētahi atu kaha o CL-matū - me lofin lucigenin. Ahakoa to ratou CL wherikotanga, e kore e katoa o ratou whai hua i tahuri pūngao matū ki te marama, ie. K. Iti iho i te 1% o te rāpoi ngota emit marama. I roto i te 1960 i kitea ai e nga hākawa o waikawa oxalic, oxidized i roto i ngā whakarewa anhydrous i te aroaro o pūhui kakara tino kōrekoreko emit marama kanapa ki te tōtika o 23%.

Kārohirohi Ko te momo motuhake o te chemiluminescence catalyzed e whākōkī. Ko te putanga luminescence o enei tauhohe taea tae 100%, e te tikanga e ia rāpoi ngota o te luciferin matū hohe tomo emitting kāwanatanga. catalyzed katoa i tenei ra tauhohenga bioluminescent mohiotia ngā tauhohenga piti hāora e puta ana i roto i te aroaro o te rangi.

luminescence thermally whakaihiihi

Thermoluminescence tikanga kahore radiation waiariki engari e whakakaha ana i te rauemi tukunga marama, nga irahiko e whakaohokia e wera. Thermally whakaongaongatia luminescence kitea i roto i te tahi mau kohuke, me te rawa i roto i phosphors karaihe i muri i ratou i whakaohokia e e te marama.

photoluminescence

Photoluminescence e puta i raro i te mahi o te take radiation hiko i runga i te rauemi, e taea te hanga i roto i te whānuitanga o te marama kitea i roto i te hihi katinga ki x-ray me kama. I roto i te luminescence, piri e pūaho, he tikanga rite ki ranei nui atu te roangaru o te whakaongaonga roangaru o te marama tukuna (m. E. Ōrite ki ranei iti iho te mana). Tenei rerekētanga i roto i te roangaru meinga e te huringa o te pūngao hou ki wiri o ngota katote ranei. I te tahi taime, me kaha kurupae taiaho, marama tukuna taea whai i te roangaru poto.

Ko te meka e taea te whakaohokia e te PL i radiation hihi katinga, i kitea e te ahupūngao Tiamana Johann Ritter i 1801, ka kitea e ia e mumura te phosphors i roto i te rohe e kitea o te wahi papura o te hihinga, a ko te kupu whakatuwheratia te radiation UV. He hiranga nui mahi o te faafariuraa o te UV ki te marama kitea.

Gamma me x-hihi whakaongaonga phosphors, me ngā rauemi tioata atu ki te luminescence kāwanatanga i te tukanga ionization aru e te tauhono o irahiko me ngā katote, ai puta luminescence. Ko te whakamahi o reira kei roto i te fluoroscopy whakamahia i roto i te rongoā iraruke, me porotiti ūiraira. Ko te record whakamutunga, me te whanganga i te radiation kama whakahaua i runga i te kōpae pani ki te phosphor, i te mea i roto i te whakapā whatu ki te mata o te photomultiplier.

triboluminescence

A, no te nga tioata o etahi matū, pērā i te huka, tukinotia, korakora kitea. kitea ana te taua i roto i maha ngā matū waro, me te inorganic. enei momo katoa o luminescence hangaia e nga utu pai, me te kino hiko. Tata whakaputaina e papa wehenga mīhini i roto i te tukanga whātioatanga. paheke Light ka e wahi e rere - rānei tika i waenganui i nga moieties o nga rāpoi ngota, ahakoa i roto i excitation o luminescence o te kōhauhau e tata ana te mata wehea.

electroluminescence

Ka rite ki thermoluminescence, electroluminescence (EL), te wā ngā ngā momo o te luminescence āhuatanga noa o nei tukuna e marama te ka te rere hiko i roto i ngā haurehu, wai me ngā rauemi mārō. I roto i te 1752 whakapumautia Bendzhamin Franklin te luminescence o rere hiko uira-piri i roto i te kōhauhau. I te tau 1860, i faaite tuatahi te rama rere i roto i te Royal Society o London. whakaputaina ia he marama ma kanapa ki te rere ngaohiko tiketike i roto i te hāorarua waro i te pēhanga iti. hāngai rama antibody Modern e i runga i te huinga o te electroluminescence me photoluminescence mēkuri ngota i whakaohokia e rama rere hiko, kua tahuri te radiation hihi katinga tukuna e ratou ki te marama kitea mā te phosphor.

kite EL i te electrodes i roto i-iahiko e tika ana ki te tauhono o ngā katote (me te kupu he ahua o te chemiluminescence). I raro i te mana o te mara hiko i roto i te papa angiangi o te konutea luminescent sulfide paheke o te marama puta, e te kīia hoki ki rite electroluminescence.

He maha nui o ngā rauemi tuku hoki luminescence i raro i te mana o irahiko whakatere - taimana, he harariu, he ūkuikui karaihe me etahi tote konukawata matatini. Ko te tono tuatahi i ngā o te cathodoluminescence - tīkorikori (1897). mata rite te whakamahi i pai ake phosphors tioata e whakamahia i roto i televisions, radars, oscilloscopes me whārahi irahiko.

o te reo irirangi

Ka taea e ngā āhuatanga iraruke emit korakora ārepa (karihi haumāmā), irahiko me hihi kama (he nui-pūngao radiation hiko). luminescence radiation - he tīrama whakaohokia e te taonga iraruke. A, no te karawhiuwhiu i korakora ārepa tioata phosphor, kitea i raro i te karu kōpura iti. I teie parau tumu whakamahi ahupūngao English Ernest Rutherford, ki te whakamatau e te ngota he matua pokapū. hāngai ana peita whaiaro-luminous whakamahia mō te tohu mataaratanga, me ētahi atu taputapu e runga i te RL. ngā ratou o te phosphor me te taonga iraruke, hei tauira tritium konutuki ranei. Faahiahia luminescence māori - ko te borealis Aurora: tukanga iraruke i runga i te ra emit ki wāhi papatipu nui o irahiko me ngā katote. A, no te whakatata ratou te whenua, tataki ratou tona mara geomagnetic ki te amo. tukanga Gas-rere i roto i nga papa o runga o te kōhauhau me te hanga i te aurora rongonui.

Luminescence: ahupūngao o te tukanga

titau paheke o te marama kitea (ie. E. Ki wavelengths i waenganui i 690 nm me 400 nm) excitation pūngao, whakaritea nei i te iti rawa te ture Einstein. Energy (E) he rite ki o Panēke tamau (h), whakanuia e te auau o te marama (ν) tona tere ranei i roto i te korehau (c), wehea e te roangaru (λ): E = hν = hc / λ.

Ko te kupu, ko te pūngao e hiahiatia ana mo te excitation pae i 40 kilocalories (mo te whero) ki te 60 kcal (mo te kōwhai), me 80 Calories (ki papura) ia mol o taonga. Ko tētahi atu ara o te faaite pūngao - i roto i volts irahiko (1 eV = 1.6 × 10 ^-12 erg) - i 1.8 ki te 3.1 eV.

Kei te whakawhiti te pūngao excitation ki irahiko kawenga mo te luminescence e peke i tona taumata whenua ki te kotahi teitei. E whakaritea ēnei tikanga i te ture o rehe aronui. Various pūhanga o te excitation tei runga i ranei puta te reira i roto i te ngota kotahi me muingota, i roto i ngā o ngā rāpoi ngota i roto i te karaihe ranei. E kōkirihia ratou e te mahi o matūriki whakatere, pērā i irahiko, katote pai pūaho ranei.

E mea pinepine, Ko tino teitei ake i hiahiatia ki te whakaara i te irahiko ki radiation te pūngao excitation. Hei tauira, mata karaihe pouaka whakaata phosphor luminescence, hua irahiko pitoiho ki puai toharite o 25,000 volts. Otiia, he tata motuhake o te pūngao korakora te tae o te marama antibody. Kei te awe reira e te taumata o te āhua oaoa o te pokapū karaihe pūngao.

rama kōrekoreko

Nga matūriki, e tika ana ki nei puta luminescence - tenei irahiko waho o te ngota rāpoi ranei. I roto i te rama kōrekoreko, peia pērā i konuoi ngota kei raro i te mana o te pūngao 6.7 eV atu ranei, ara tetahi o nga irahiko waho e rua ki te taumata teitei. I muri i tona hokinga ki te āhua whenua te rerekētanga i roto i te pūngao tukuna te rite te marama hihi katinga ki te roangaru o 185 nm. Ko te whakawhiti i waenganui i te turanga, me tetahi atu taumata hua radiation hihi katinga i 254 nm, i roto i te tahuri, ka taea e whakaongaonga atu whakaputa phosphor marama kitea.

Ko ngā kaha i te pēhanga iti kohu mēkuri (10 ^-5 huru) whakamahia i roto i tenei radiation rama rere hau o te pēhanga iti. Ko te kupu te tahuri e pā ana ki 60% o te irahiko pūngao ki te marama UV kanotahi.

I pēhanga teitei, whakanuia ana te auau. Tūāwhiorangi kore ngā o tetahi raina spectral o 254 nm, a ka wehea te pūngao radiation i te rārangi spectral e ōrite ana ki rerekē ngā taumata rorohiko: 303, 313, 334, 366, 405, 436, 546 me te 578 nm. E whakamahia pēhanga High rama mēkuri mo te māramatanga, mai i te 405-546 nm marama puru-matomato kitea, i te whakaahua wahi o te radiation i roto i te marama whero te whakamahi i te phosphor rite ki te hua tahuri ma.

A, no te e oaoa rāpoi hau, e whakaatu o ratou tūāwhiorangi luminescence here whanui; kahore irahiko anake e whakaarahia ki te taumata pūngao teitei engari wā kotahi oaoa nekehanga vibrational me takahuri o te ngota i runga i te katoa. Tenei he no te mea te pūngao vibrational me te takahuri o te rāpoi ngota e 10 ^-2 me 10 ^-4 o nga puai whakawhiti, e tāpiri ake ki te tautuhi i te plurality o paku rerekē wāhanga roangaru o te ropu kotahi. Ko te rāpoi ngota nui i te maha o takai inaki, kotahi mo ia momo o te whakawhitinga. rāpoi ngota radiation i roto i te otinga pai io ribbonlike e meinga e te pāhekoheko o te maha āhua nui o ngā rāpoi ngota oaoa me rāpoi whakarewa. I roto i te rāpoi ngota, pera i roto i te ngota whai wāhi i roto i te luminescence irahiko waho o orbitals rāpoi.

Fluorescence me te hīnātore

taea te kitea ēnei ngā kore anake e hāngai ana i runga i te roanga o te luminescence, engari ano hoki i tona tikanga o te hanga. A, no te whakaohokia e te irahiko e ki te āhua hingareti ki tikanga reira 10 ^-8 s, i nei e taea e ngāwari hoki te reira ki te whenua, te taonga tuku hoki tona pūngao rite fluorescence. I roto i te whakawhiti, e kore e te miro te huri. āhua Basic me oaoa i te liunga lahi rite.

Irahiko, Heoi, e taea te whakaarahia ki te taumata pūngao teitei (i huaina "he āhua triplet oaoa") ki tona maimoatanga hoki. I roto i te rehe aronui, te whakawhitinga i te āhua triplet ki te hingareti rāhuitia, a reira, ko te wa o to ratou ora nui atu. Na reira, ko te luminescence i roto i tenei take, ko te nui ake wā roa: i reira he hīnātore.