Peita mua-Raphaelite ki taitara. Pre-Raphaelite paintings kaupapa

Mai te 1850 i roto i Ingarangi, ka anga ki te whakawhanake i tētahi aronga hou i roto i te rotarota, me te peita. I huaina te reira "Pre-Raphaelites." E whakaatu ana tēnei tuhinga i te ariā matua o te hapori toi, kaupapa auaha, Pre-Raphaelite peita ki taitara.

Ko wai e te Pre-Raphaelites?

I roto i te kaha ki te tiki atu i te ngā tikanga mātauranga hōhā me rerehua kiko o te wā Victorian, kua hanga he rōpū o toi tona ake aronga i roto i te toi. Kua ngoto tonu atu tata katoa ao o te ora, i hanga te whanonga ngā, me te kōrero o ratou kaihanga. Na ko te aronga toi, me ngā māngai o te kaipeita te taua ingoa - te mua-Raphaelites. whakakitea Pikitia ratou hunaonga ki a wawe te Renaissance. I roto i te meka, korero ingoa ongo fakatokoua mo ake. Painters kaihanga hiahia nei mahi i mua i te ara o Raphael ko Michelangelo. I roto ia ratou - Bellini, Perugino, Angelico.

Aronga whakawhanakehia i roto i te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau 19.

putanga

Tae noa nga 1850 ko toi o Ingarangi katoa i raro i te parirau o te Royal Academy o Toi. Ko tōna peresideni, Sir Hohua Reynolds, me te tetahi atu māngai o te pūtahi e pā ana momou ki te farii i innovations me ngā ākina ana ngā ākonga.

I roto i te mutunga, i hanga enei oti'a piriha'o e rave rahi toi ki ngā whakaaro rite i runga i toi i roto i te whānui whakakotahi i teina. Ko te tuatahi o ona māngai ka Holman Hunt me Dante Rossetti. tutaki ratou i te whakaaturanga i roto i te wänanga, me te i roto i te akoranga o te whakahaere, i matau e he tino rite o ratou whakaaro.

tuhituhi Rossetti te peita "Tupú o te wahine a Meri" i tenei wa, a ka awhinatia Hunt whakaoti ia e kore e mea faufaa te reira, engari ko te kupu. Kua i roto i 1849, maringi te koaka i runga i te whakaaturanga. whakaae te iwi taitamariki e te haere i te peita Ingarihi hou i roto i te wā pai i roto i tona hītori. I roto i te tikanga ki te hopoia whakahauora tenei puka toi, ko reira tika ki te haere hoki ki taketake doakademicheskim, mo te tapatahi me te hiahia taikaha.

Ko te māngai matua o

I te tīmatanga, ko te Pre-Raphaelite teina, nei pikitia kua whakaha ora hou ki te tikanga o Ingarangi, ngā o whitu iwi.

1. Holman Hunt. noho ia i te ora roa, noho pono ki ona whakaaro i runga i toi noa tona mate. Ko ia te kaituhi o te maha pukapuka, korero tatou e pā ana ki te mau melo o te tuakanatanga me te whakaahua i te peita mua-Raphaelite. I roto i te peita tino rongonui o te kaipeita - "Kōruru o te mate" (peita fakalotu o Ihu), "Isabella me te Pot o Basil" (e hāngai ana i runga i te pehepehe Dzhona Kitsa), "koati" (i tuhituhia i runga i te pūtake o ngā kōrero te Bibilia).

2. Dzhon Mille. Kei te mohiotia e ia kia rite ki te ākonga whakaotinga o te Academy o Toi, e muri ka tona peresideni. John i muri whakarerea e te mahi roa i roto i te kāhua o mua-Raphaelite teina. Hei whangai i tana whānau, ka anga ia ki te peita whakaahua i runga i tikanga a muri. Ko te mahi tino faahiahia - "Karaiti i roto i te Whare o ana ngā mātua" (pikitia fakalotu, ki tonu i te tohu o te ora, me te mate o te Karaiti i mua nei), "Ophelia" (i tuhituhia i runga i te pūtake wāhanga o "Hamlet"), "Bubbles" (peita o te mutunga te wā o te auahatanga, kua meinga rongonui rite pānuitanga hopi).

3. Dante Rossetti. Kei te ki tonu nga peita ki te fifi o te ataahua me te eroticism o wahine. waiho tana wahine, ia Erihapeti, he purakau nui o te kaipeita. turakina tona mate te Dante. hoatu e ia ki a ia i roto i te kāwhena o ana tuhinga o ngā rotarota, engari i muri i te tau torutoru, haere mai ki a ia, kua meinga te Tuhinga ka tangohia ana ratou i te reinga. mahi nui: "whakapaingia Beatrice" (e whakaaturia ana te wahine o Dante, i te mea i waenganui i te ora me te mate), "Proserpina" (atua Roma ki te pohu i roto i tona ringa), "Veronica Veronese" (peita tohu e whakaatu ana i te tukanga auaha).

4. Maykl Rossetti. teina o Dante, ko wai hoki ako i te Academy. Otiia i roto i te mutunga i whiriwhiria e ahau he fakaanga ara, me te kaituhi. Pre-Raphaelite peita i toutou i raro ki reira noa. Ko reira he haurongo o tona teina. whakatakoto ia i te ariā taketake o te aronga.

5. Tomas Vulner. Ko ia he toi, me te rohi pehe. I roto i tona mahi wawe tautoko ia te whakaaro o te mua-Raphaelites, tahuri ki te āhua me te tango ki te pūkete te kōrero iti. whakaputaina e ia whiti i roto i te moheni o te autaea'eraa, engari ka haere atu i o ratou whakaaro whānui, ka hāngai i runga i ngā puka puāwaitanga.

6. Frederick Stevens. Artist me fakaanga toi. Tino hohoro ka Maihi ki te taranata o te kaipeita ia, ka arotahi ki runga ki fakaanga. whakaaro ia tona misioni ki te whakamārama i te whakaaro tūmatanui o te autaea'eraa, me te whakakororia Pre-Raphaelite peita. tiaki te reira i te tahi mau o tona peita: "Te Marquis ko Griselda", "Mama, me te Tamaiti", "Ko te mate o Kingi Arthur."

7. Dzheyms Kollinson. Ko ahau he whakapono, na pania e ia kaupapa fakalotú. mahue ahau i te hapori i muri i whakahē peita Millet i roto i te press, a huaina kohukohu. I roto i ana mahi - "Ko e Fāmilí Tapu", "Whakakāhoretanga Elizabeth o Hungary", "E te mau tuahine".

he tokomaha o te iwi rite-whakaaro peita mua-Raphaelite i meinga he rota o tautohe, i. kihai i ratou wahi o te autaea'eraa, engari i piri ki te whakaaro taketake. I roto ia ratou - te toi L. Alama-Tadema, kaihoahoa F. M. Brown, te kaipeita William Deverell, kaiwhakairo M. Morris, pikitia Hughes me ētahi atu.

Te faaino i roto i te wāhanga tuatahi

I te tīmatanga, i tutaki mua-Raphaelite peita e fakaangá rawa mahana. ko ratou rite te manawa o te rangi hou. Heoi, ka kino ake te āhuatanga i muri i te tāpaetanga i roto i te marama o te peita fakalotu e rave rahi, i tuhituhia i roto i te hanganga ture-kore ki te kēnana.

I roto i ngā, i te peita "Karaiti i roto i te Whare o tana mau metua" paraihe Mille. I whakaatu te kānawehi huru uaua, whare witi, whangai tata nei kahui o hipi. tuturi wahine i mua i te Ihu iti, e kino ia tona ringa ki te titi. Kua whakakiia rai tenei tohu pikitia. He ringa toto - he tohu o te faasatauroraa heke mai, peihana ki te wai, i kua Hoani te Kaiiriiri - te tohu o Ihowā te, he kukupa e noho ana i runga i te arawhata, kua tāutuhia ki te Wairua Tapu, i te hipi - ki te patunga harakore.

kua karangatia e faahapa tenei peita kohukohu. Ko te niupepa "te Times" Nō peita tutu i roto i te toi. Etahi, tuhu ki he rite o te Family Tapu ki te iwi noa, te āhuatanga rite te mahi o te Millet rutaki te, me te whakarihariha.

Rossetti pikitia "Faaiteraa" Ko ano hoki i raro i whakaeke. marere atu kaipeita i te buka te Bibilia, te wahine mau kakahu ma. I runga i te koaka whakaaturia te wehi. IF fakatatau Stone fakaanga te Pre-Raphaelite mahi ki whaipara horihori.

Ko wai e matau ana aha e kua te whakarau o te ongo fakatokoua, ki te kahore i tona taha i hanga te fakaangá Dzhon Roskin, nei whakaaro e kiia katoa.

Pānga tangata mana

Dzhon Roskin ko te tumu kōrero toi me kua tuhituhia neke atu i te kotahi te mahi pūtaiao i mua i maheni ki te mahi o te mua-Raphaelites. He aha i tona ohorere ka mohio ia e nga whakaaro katoa me ngā ariā whakaturia atu i roto i ona oko, kua kitea e ratou wahi i roto i te autaea'eraa o te koaka.

taunaki Ruskin kătahi ki te uho o te natura, whakarongo ki taipitopito, te whakatārewatanga utaina e te kēnana me nga scenes whakapakoko rite ratou kia. whakaurua tenei katoa kei te me hōtaka mua-Raphaelite.

Kua tuhituhia te fakaanga e rave rahi tuhinga mō "Te Times", i whakamoemiti te mahi o toi. hokona e ia etahi o ratou peita, tautoko toi, a pae morare, a pūtea. pai Ruskin te kāhua hou, me te rerekē o te peita peita hinu. muri hanga mua-Raphaelites maha ngā whakaahua o tona kaitiaki me te kaiwhakaruruhau.

Ko te wahi

I te tīmatanga, ka tahuri anake nga toi ki te kaupapa whaiwhakapono, e arotahi ana ki te wheako o te kaihanga o te tīmatanga o te Renaissance. kihai ratou i rapu i ki te mahia he pikitia o te kēnana hahi. Ko te whāinga matua ko ki te whakawhiti i te whakaaro taumauri i runga i te koaka. Ko Ko te aha te peita mua-Raphaelite rite taipitopito me te tohu.

Ko "Te Tupú o wahine a Meri" Rossetti i te haapa'oraa i ki nga hiahia o te wā Victorian. whakakitea te reira i te kotiro tano i roto i te tiaki o tona whaea. Kei te nuinga o te wā tuhituhi reira pānui kua hoatu Dante ki te ringa o te ngira wahine. whakairo ia i runga i te koaka i te rengarenga - he tohu o te viivii ore, me te hara ore. E toru puawai ki runga ki te kakau - te Matua me te Tama, me te Wairua Tapu. rau nikau me te tumatakuru ki te tataramoa - te mau oaoa me mamae o Meri. e kore te mea horihori taonga, tae me mahi te pikitia - hangaia ki te tohu i roto i te tikanga taumauri katoa.

A iti i muri mai, ka anga nga kaipeita mua-Raphaelites, ngā aro tūmatanui nei pikitia ki te tahuri ki te kaupapa o te kore ōritenga tangata ( "Lady ngarara haere"), te faaohiparaa o te wahine ( "tāú rų"), hekenga ( "Te whakamutunga o Ingarangi").

He wāhi nui i roto i te autaea'eraa o te mahi takaro peita e hāngai ana i runga i nga mahi o nga kaitito me kaituhi Ingarihi. Painters faauruhia e te mahi a Shakespeare, Keats, me te Italian Dante Alighieri.

whakapakoko wahine

peita ki ngā kaupapa o pūāhua wahine i roto i te Pre-Raphaelite rerekē rawa. i piri anake ratou i roto i te kotahi - i runga i o ratou ka hōrapa i kingi ataahua wahine. tuhituhi Ladies noa'i te ataahua, marino, ki te pa o te mea ngaro. He kaupapa rerekē: kanga, te mate, te here, whaiāipo, te viivii ore i te pae varua.

Tino maha whakaarahia reira te kaupapa o te puremu, i reira kitea he wahine e ki te marama kahore. O te akoranga, kua ia he whiu nanakia mo tona mahi.

maha hoatu Women i roto i ki te whakamatautauranga, me te hiahia i roto i te pikitia o te Pre-Raphaelites ( "Proserpine"). Ko reira te mea he wahi whakamuri, kei hea he te wahine hinga kaiwero te tangata (pera i roto i te pikitia o "Marianne", "rų haehaa").

Ko te Tauira

Nuinga o tauira mo ana peita whiriwhiri te toi hoa me whanaunga. maha tuhituhi Rossetti ki toku whaea, me te tuahine ( "Te Tupú o wahine a Meri"), engari haere ano hoki ki nga ratonga o tona rangatira Fanny ( "Lucretia Borja"). I ora Erihapeti, tana wahine aroha, riro whakapakoko wahine tona mata.

Effie Kerei, te wahine o Millet me te ex-wahine o Ruskin, kia horo i runga i te kiriata "Ko te tikanga mo te tuku o" Portrait o Hoani me paraihe.

Annie Miller, marena hou Hunt, fai tata katoa nga kaitoi o te teina. Kei te whakaaturia ana te reira i roto i te pikitia o "Elena Troyanskaya", "haehaa rų", "E tai i roto i te kōwhai."

whenua

tuhituhi anake whenua etahi o te toi i roto i tenei aronga. ka puta mai ratou i roto o nga taiepa o tari, a mahi i roto i tuwhera te rangi. Tenei Ua tauturu kaipeita ki te hopu i nga taipitopito whakamutunga, ratou pikitia he tino.

haora pau Kōhungah-Raphaelites i te natura, kia rite kore ki te mahue i te taipitopito kotahi. hiahiatia ana tēnei mahi i te manawanui Titanic me te kaha ki te hanga i. Pea e tika ana ki te āhuatanga o te hōtaka e kore i riro whenua aronga taua tini rite tahi atu momo.

Te nuinga te mau parau tumu o te natura peita i roto i peita Hunt kitea tino "rohe English" ko Millais 'Autumn Rau ".

mimiti

I muri e rave rahi whakaaturanga angitu o te Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood timata ki te hinga te wahi motu ke. Mau mai i tahi ratou aroha o te Anotau kihai i nui. I titiro tangata katoa i tona ara. Hunt anake noho pono ki te mau parau tumu o tenei au tae noa ki te mutunga.

haere mai tuturutanga i roto i 1853, ka ko Millais te mema o te Royal Academy. whawhati ake e Feohi rawa. kua oho atu i te peita etahi mo te wa roa (hei tauira, ka mau ake Rossetti tuhituhi).

Ahakoa te mutunga tūturu o te oraraa, mahi te Pre-Raphaelites rite te aronga mo etahi wa. Heoi, ko te tikanga o te tuhituhi o ngā pikitia me te torutoru mau parau tumu whānui mio'i.

mutunga mua-Raphaelites

No te toi, e tohu ana i te wā i muri mai o te akoranga, ngā Himiona Horomona (hopu mahi te ngako o te kaupapa me te tumu aestheticism takatāpui), Evelyn De Morgan (tuhituhi i runga i ngā kaupapa pūrākau, pērā i "Ariadne auf Naxos"), pikitia Genri Forda.

He he maha o toi e kua awe i te peita mua-Raphaelite. maha puta Photos o etahi o ratou i roto i te press Ingarangi. Te reira i Sophie Anderson, Frenk Diksi John Godward, Edmund Leighton me ētahi atu.

uara

ka karanga Prerafaelitizm tata te aronga toi tuatahi o Ingarangi, i te mea whai ingoa i roto i te ao. Katoa fakaanga reimana ranei kua tona whakaaro ake, me te tika ki te aromatawai i te auahatanga o kaipeita. Feaa kotahi anake te mea - te reira mo ngoto ki ngā āhuatanga katoa o te hapori.

Na nui heria. Tuhituhia mahi pūtaiao hou, pērā i "Pre-Raphaelites. Life me mahi o 500 peita." Te tangata mai ki te mutunga e nga māngai o tenei au ko te mua o te Symbolists. ka mea te tangata e pā ana ki te mana o te hippie mua-Raphaelite me ara Dzhona Tolkina.

Papa reo faaite i roto i te ārahi whare taonga i roto i Ingarangi. Anga ke ki te whakapono rongonui, e kore te peita mua-Raphaelite i te Hermitage rongoa. i whakaaturia tuatahi Exhibition o peita i Russia i 2008 i te Taiwhanga Tretyakov.