Poinanaha o hewaro: āhuatanga whānui, me te tono

Waiwaro tahi (paraffins, waiwaro kukū) - biosoedineniya arā anake o C me H ngota, i roto i nei E hono ana ngota katoa e here sigma ohie. Ko te māmā pūwaro paraffinic he mewaro. Ia raupapa muri o te pūwaro rerekē i te mua ki te rōpū CH2. I roto i tenei raupapa o pūhui e rerekē i ia atu i runga i te homology rerekētanga (CH2) raupapa rite e huaina huirua nga mema o pātata. Hoki e āhuatanga taua raupapa e ngā āhuatanga matū rite me ngā āhuatanga tinana rerekē wā.

Ko te puna matua o te ariā alaknov - hinu. Me kï reira e tei reira ki runga i te hanganga matüora o te moni tāpui. waiwaro hamanga ko te tino puna mō te formaldehyde, te waihā mewaro, chloroform, kirihou, resins waihanga, ethers, hauwaiwaro, nonireka, propylene, polypropylene, waihanga butandienovogo rapa, waikawa tāpia etc. I roto i ngā hopi ahumahi whiwhi i tokauku me waro parauri. I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, waiwaro tahi - he taonga matū e mangere. I te pāmahana rūma, e kore ratou e taunekeneke ki tetahi pūkawa waikawa takiwa ranei ki konganuku alkali ki kawakore waihā ranei. Paraffins noa mamae tauhohenga whakauru, e puta i roto i te huarahi tuwhena. I roto i ngā āhuatanga waiariki, ka taea e ratou oxidize ka amohia e whāwehe.

Ka taea te whiwhi poinanaha hewaro e rua i ngā tikanga tikanga o te ariā o ngā hopi, me te e wehe i te penehīni waihanga hinu ranei. n-hewaro - wai taekore ki te kakara āhuatanga hemo, he mea pai wairewa i roto i whakarewa organic (te waihā, chloroform, diethyl Etere). poinanaha hewaro, i roto i ngā triptane (2,2,3-trimethylbutane - CH3-C (CH3) 2-CH (CH3) -CH3) i te whakamahi i ngā. whakamahia tēnei pūhui te rite tāpiri ki te nekeneke wahie. Poinanaha o hewaro roto i nga hautau penehīni o te hinu, me te hau condensate. n-hewaro - paerewa tuatahi i roto i te whakatau i te āhuatanga detonation kora hāhira. I roto i te ripeneta o te n-hexane i tahuri ki poinanaha o hewaro, ka pūhui kakara i roto i te degidrotsikliziruetsya - toluene.

I roto i te matū waro, he āhuatanga whānui o te poinanahatanga. E rua ngā momo matua o te poinanahatanga - hanganga me stereoisomers. Ka taea te wehea ia momo ki ngā momo: poinanahatanga mekameka pūwaro, whakanohonga o rua here me ngā rōpū mahi ki te waikawa tuwhena, metamerism, poinanaha kawana wāhi benzelnom matua. He wahi motuhake i roto i te stereoisomerism e poinanaha optical. e pā ana tēnei momo te ki te kaha o etahi rōpū o ngā matū waro i roto i te rongoā whakaatu mahi whatu. Matū e te hunga nehenehe o whakaahua mahi whatu, ka karanga matū kaha optically. Poinanahatanga ngā pūhui matū waro takoto te whakamahi i te taputapu motuhake - polarimeter. rite rawa te pūrere e ki e rua poro Nicolas analyzer ngongo polarimetric.

Optically te tikanga tīari pūhui kaha rite rua poinanaha optical. huaina ēnei e Antipodes optical poinanaha ranei. He ranunga tito o moni equimolar o enantiomeric, optically hohekore huaina, ko te racemate pūhui racemic ranei. E denoted e nga ± tohu Racemates. Ko te taonga kaha optically māmā he rāpoi ngota waikawa lactate i roto i nei i reira ko te kotahi ngota waro hangarite, he honohono, o nei hono ki substituents wha rerekē - hauwai, hydroxyl, methyl, me ngā rōpū carboxyl.

Ia pūhui organic he i roto i tona muingota ko te vai he ngota waro hangarite i roto i te puka o āhua mokowā (tauira) ki te nui ano o te taua ngota me ngā rōpū ngota whakanohoia huri noa te waro hangarite, kia e kore, ka whakakotahi ratou (āhua, tauira) i roto i te wāhi e taea tae ratou tāpiritanga tonu. He rite rite te matau, me te ringa maui o te tangata ranei he ahanoa me tona whakapakoko whakaata ēnei tauira. Na reira e huaina ratou poinanaha chiral me te poinanahatanga - optical, whakaata ranei.