Pūhui Organic me ratou whakarōpū

E hāngai ana te whakarōpūtanga te i runga i te ariā o ngā pūhui matū waro, te hanganga matū o A. M. Butlerova. whakarōpū nahanaha - te turanga o te nomenclature pūtaiao. Ngā mihi ki a ia, ka taea ki te hoatu i te ingoa ki ia o te mea waro mohiotia i mua, me te hou, te whakamahi i wātea tātai hanganga.

Karaehe o ngā pūhui matū waro

matū Organic Whakaröpütia e rua ngā āhuatanga matua: ko te localization me te maha o ngā rōpū mahi i roto i te rāpoi ngota, me te waro hanganga kōhiwi.

Waro kōhiwi tohu te moiety e he feunga kainga i roto i ngā tauhohe matū. E wehea pūhui Organic ki ngā rōpū nui, i te tango ki pūkete te hanganga rāpoi o mea waro.

pūhui Acyclic (biosoedineniya fatty pūhui tīmeka ranei). Enei matū i roto i te hanganga rāpoi ngā tika branched ranei carboxylic mekameka.

pūhui Carbocyclic - he taonga ki te mekameka waikawa kuiti - huringa. Ēnei biosoedineniya wehea ki ngā rōpū: kakara, me te alicyclic.

Heterocyclic ngā pūhui matū waro taiao - matū i roto i te hanganga o ngā rāpoi ngota e whai he mowhiti i hanga o ngā ngota waro me ngota o ētahi atu āhuatanga matū (hāora, Nitrogen, te pūngāwhā) heteroatoms.

E wehewehea pūhui o ia rarangi (rōpū) ki ngā akomanga rerekē o ngā pūhui matū waro. matū Organic no ki te piha haapiiraa ngā whakaritea e te aroaro i roto i tona muingota o etahi rōpū mahi. Hei tauira, te mau piha o waiwaro (anake te piha haapiiraa o ngā pūhui matū waro e hapa rōpū mahi), amines, aldehydes, phenols, waikawa carboxylic, ketones, waiwaihā, me ētahi atu

Hei whakatau pūhui organic no ki te tau piha haapiiraa, a emit kōhiwi waro ranei te mekameka waikawa (hononga acyclic), te koropiko (pūhui carbocyclic) ranei karihi (pūhui heterocyclic). I muri whakatau te aroaro i roto i te rāpoi ngota o te mea waro atu ngota (mahi) rōpū, hei tauira, hydroxyl - OH, carboxyl - COOH, amino, imino, rōpū sulfgidridnoy - SH, me ētahi atu Ko te rōpū mahi rōpū ranei tautuhi biosoedineniya no ki te piha haapiiraa ngā, ona āhuatanga matua tinana, me te matū. kia mea te reira e ia rōpū mahi e kore anake tāutu enei āhuatanga, engari ka pā hoki ētahi atu ngota ranei rōpū ngota, whakamātautau tukutahi me ratou mana.

Na roto i te whakakapi i roto i nga rāpoi ngota o te acyclic me waiwaro huringa heterocyclic ranei pūhui ngota hauwai i rerekē rōpū mahi rite ngā pūhui matū waro e no ki te tetahi piha haapiiraa. Here te tahi rōpū mahi e whakatau mema o te pūhui waro ki te piha haapiiraa ngā: waiwaro RH, waiwaro halogenated - R-Hal, aldehydes - R-COH, ketones - R1-CO-R2, waiwaihā me phenols R-OH, waikawa - R-COOH , ethers - R1-e-R2, galogenoangidridy ngā waikawa R-COHal, hākawa R-COOR, nitro - R-NO2, sulfonic -R-SO3H, pūhui organometallic - R-ahau, mercaptans R-SH.

pūhui Organic he i roto i to ratou hanganga rāpoi he rōpū mahi, tuku ki rite pūhui organic ki mahi ohie, e rua, neke atu rānei - pūhui ki mahi whakauru. kia tauira o ngā pūhui matū waro ki mahi ohie waiwaro, ngā waiwaihā, ketones, aldehydes, amines, waikawa carboxylic, pūhui nitro, me ētahi atu kia tauira o pūhui ki ngā mahi whakauru hydroxy, keto, me ētahi atu

nui ngā Ko pūhui matatini bioorganic: pūmua, proteid, lipids, waikawa karihi, te warowaihā, rāpoi i roto i nei te maha nui o rerekē rōpū mahi.