Pūmua: hanganga me te mahi. āhuatanga o pūmua

Ka rite ki mohiotia te, pūmua - te pūtake o te takenga mai o te ora i runga i to tatou paraneta. E ai ki te ariā o Oparin-Haldane i taka coacervate, arā, o ngā rāpoi ngota o peptides, kua meinga reira te pūtake o te take mai o nga mea ora. Ko kahore feaa tenei no te mea whakaatu te tātaritanga o te hanganga ā-o tetahi mema o te koiora e enei matū whai mea katoa: tipu, kararehe, microorganisms, harore, huaketo. Na ko te tino kanorau i roto i te āhua me te macromolecular ratou.

Ko nga ingoa o enei hanganga wha, he longo ratou:

• pūmua;
• pūmua;
• polypeptides;
• peptides.

rāpoi ngota pūmua

Ko pono hono mahuinga ratou tau. I roto i tenei take, e taea te wehea katoa o nga rāpoi ngota pūmua ki ngā rōpū matua e rua:

• Simple - ngā anake o raupapa waikawa amino piri e here peptide;
• matatini - Hanganga me te hanganga o te pūmua e āhuatanga e te atu protolytic (prosthetic) rōpū, ka karanga hoki cofactors.

I roto i tenei take, i hoki te rāpoi matatini ratou ake whakarōpū.

Hurihurihanga peptides matatini

1. Glycoproteins - Kei te tata e pā ana te pūmua, me te warowaihā pūhui. Ko te hanganga o te rāpoi ngota whatu rōpū prosthetic mucopolysaccharides.
2. Lipoproteins - he pūhui matatini o te pūmua, me te lipid.
3. Metalloproteins - rite te rōpū prosthetic ko nga katote konganuku (rino, konupora, parahi, me ētahi atu).
4. Nucleoproteins - Urupare pūmua me waikawa karihi (DNA, RNA).
5. Fosfoproteidy - conformation o te pūmua, me te toenga o te waikawa phosphoric.
6. Chromoproteids - tino rite ki metalloproteins, engari he huānga e ko te wahi o te rōpū prosthetic ko te tae matatini (whero - pūtoto, matomato - chlorophyll, a na i runga i).

kōrero ia rōpū te hanganga, me te he rerekē ngā āhuatanga o pūmua. Ko te mahi e mahi ratou, a ka rerekē i runga i te momo o te rāpoi ngota rānei.

Ko te hanganga matū o pūmua

Mai i tenei pūmua fakakaukau - he roa, mekameka nui o ngā toenga waikawa amino tuati-motuhake here i huaina peptide. Mai i te taha haere hanganga waikawa peka - Radicals. I kitea tenei hanganga o te rāpoi ngota e E. Fischer i te timatanga o te rau tau XXI.

I muri mai, pūmua, hanganga me te mahi o pūmua kua ako i roto i te taipitopito atu. ka te reira mārama e te waikawa amino whakatu te hanganga peptide, he tapeke o te 20, engari ko te kupu e taea te ngā ratou i roto i ara rerekē. No reira te kanorau o ngā hanganga polypeptide. I tua atu, i roto i te tukanga o te ora, me te mahi o ona mahi e taea ki te mamae i te raupapa o panoni matū pūmua. Ka rite ki te hua, te huri i ratou te hanganga, me i reira ko te tino he momo hou o te hononga.

Hei te wahi i te here peptide, arā, whakapōrearea i te hanganga pūmua o mekameka Me whiriwhiri tikanga rawa tino (pāmahana teitei, waikawa kawakore ranei whakakōkī). Ko tenei tika ki te kaha teitei o te here kotuari i roto i te rāpoi ngota, ara, i roto i te rōpū peptide.

kawea Haurapa o te hanganga pūmua i roto i te taiwhanga i roto i te whakamahi i te tauhohenga biuret - pānga i runga i polypeptide korari Nā waihā, parahi (II). Ko te matatini o te katote rōpū peptide me te parahi whakarato he tae puru kanapa.

E wha whakahaere hanganga taketake, ia o nei he ona ake āhuatanga o te hanganga o te pūmua.

Taumata o whakahaere: te hanganga tuatahi

Ka rite ki whakahuatia i runga ake, te peptide - he raupapa o ngā toenga waikawa amino ki inclusions, tahi-whākōkī, kahore ratou ranei. Na karanga tenei te hanganga tuatahi o te rāpoi ngota, i te mea maori, o te akoranga, ko reira te waikawa amino pono piri e here peptide, me te mea ke atu. Ko, te hanganga polypeptide rārangi. I roto i tenei hanganga ngā o te pūmua o tenei ahua - i roto i taua he mahu'inga mo te mahi o ngā mahi o te muingota o te pūmua tenei huinga o te waikawa. Ngā mihi ki enei āhuatanga he taea e kore anake ki te tāutu i peptide engari ano hoki ki te matapae i te āhuatanga, me te tūranga o te katoa hou, rite Rakatuwhenua ano. Tauira o peptides he hanganga tuatahi tūturu, - taiāki, pepsin, chymotrypsin, me ētahi atu.

conformation Tuarua

Hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o te pūmua i roto i tenei kāwai rerekē ahua. Ka taea te hanga e te hanganga taua tuatahi i runga i te āhua ka i raro ki te paparetanga tuatahi mārō, te pāmahana atu tikanga ranei ranei.

E toru ngā momo tenei conformation:

1. Whakaene, auau, coils stereoregular hangaia i te toenga waikawa amino e kua whiria huri noa te tuaka hononga matua. Anake puritia tahi e here hauwai tupu i waenganui i te rōpū hāora o tetahi peptide me te tahi atu hauwai. Ai he tika te hanganga e tika ana ki te meka i te hohoko whakanoho toutou katoa 4 taumata. Ka taea e te hanganga taua kia rua maui-ringa, me te pravozakruchennoy. Ko pūmua i roto i te nuinga mohiotia dextrorotatory rahi roa poinanaha. huaina taua conformation ko Arepa-hanganga.
2. Te hanganga me te hanganga o te momo pūmua e whai ake rerekē i te tetahi o mua i roto i taua e kore e nga here hauwai i hanga i waenganui i te taha ki e tu ana i te taha i tetahi taha o te toenga o te rāpoi ngota, me i waenganui i nui nekehia, ai i te tawhiti ka makona ratou nui. Hoki tenei take, riro te hanganga katoa atu tāwakawaka, ore mekameka nakahi polypeptide. He he kotahi āhuatanga e kia pūmua. kia te hanganga o nga waikawa amino o nga manga rite poto rite taua o glycine alanine ranei, mo te tauira. ka karanga tenei momo o te conformation tuarua te beta-rau mo ratou kaha ki te piri tahi, ki te i te hanganga o te hanganga whānui.
3. No ki te toru o nga hanganga momo pūmua rite te koiora tohu raznorazbrosannye matatini, whatiwhatinga he kahore stereoregularity me taea ki te whakarerekē i te hanganga i raro i te mana o ngā āhuatanga o waho tē raupapa.

Tauira o pūmua he hanganga tuarua i te natura, e kore e whakakitea.

mātauranga Tuatoru

Ko te conformation tika matatini tenei, he te ingoa "globule". He aha te mea he pūmua? hāngai ana te hanganga o taua mea i runga i te hanganga tuarua, engari tāpiri momo hou o ngā taunekeneke ki waenganui i te ngā ngota o ngā rōpū, me te rāpoi ngota katoa taiepa rite, arahina pera, te meka e kua whakahaua te rōpū hydrophilic ki globules me hydrophobic - i roto i.

whakamārama tenei te tiaki o te muingota o te pūmua i roto i rongoā colloidal wai. He aha e nga momo o taunekeneke e reira?

1. here hauwai - noho tonu i waenganui i te wahi ano e rite ana i roto i te hanganga tuarua.
2. Ko te hydrophobic (hydrophilic) pāhekoheko - whakatika ina rewa i roto i te polypeptide wai.
3. i hanga raznozaryazhennymi i waenganui i ngā toenga waikawa amino (tuwhena) rōpū - katote attraction.
4. taunekeneke Irahiko - Ka taea te hanga e i waenganui i nga pae motuhake waikawa - rāpoi cysteine, ranei, kaua, ratou waero.

Ko te kupu, e taea te whakaahuatia te hanganga me te hanganga o pūmua he hanganga tuatoru rite te hurihia ake ki mekameka globules polypeptide, te pupuri me te aueue ona conformation tika ki ngā momo o taunekeneke matū. Tauira o taua peptides: fosfoglitseratkenaza, tRNA, Arepa-keratin, hiraka fibroin, me ētahi atu.

Ko te hanganga quaternary

Tenei Ko tetahi o te uaua tino o te globules, e hanga pūmua. Ko te tino pūkenga, me te motuhake te hanganga me te mahi o pūmua o te mahere taua.

He aha te mea tenei conformation? Ko te torutoru (i ētahi wā pinepine) o mekameka polypeptide nui, me te iti, e kua hanga e takitahi o ia atu. Ko reira, e tika ana ki te taua taunekeneke e kua whakaaro matou mo te hanganga tuatoru o enei peptides e whiria me tu'ati. Ko te kupu whiwhi globules conformational matatini e kia roto ngota whakarewa, me ngā rōpū lipid, me warowaihā. Tauira o taua pūmua: DNA polymerase, tupeka huaketo kōpaki pūmua, pūtoto, me ētahi atu.

hanganga peptide katoa kua matou kōrero i to ratou ake tikanga o tautuhi i te taiwhanga, e hāngai ana i runga i taea o te whakamahi i tūrara, centrifugation, irahiko me te Microscopy whatu, me hangarau rorohiko teitei nāianei.

mahi

Kei te tata ia faatanohia te hanganga me te mahi o pūmua ki ia atu. Ko, ia peptide whai wāhi e he ahurei, me te motuhake. He ko te hunga e e taea ki te mahi i roto i te pūtau ora, e rave rahi nui whakawhitinga hoki. Ko taea te whakarāpopoto i te reira rite ki te whakapuaki i nga mahi taketake o te rāpoi ngota pūmua i roto i te tinana o mea ora:

1. Whakarato waka. E nehenehe o te kaupapa, motu, nekehanga kaiao pūtautahi ranei organelles, etahi momo o ngā pūtau ranei. Kei te whakaratohia tenei pūmua, hanga tetahi wahi o to ratou hanganga o te taputapu motor: ngä makawe, flagella, membrane cytoplasmic. Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te ngoikore ki te displacement o te pūtau, kia whai wāhi te pūmua ki to ratou whakaiti (myosin uaua).
2. mahi kai tārua ranei. Ko reira te haaputuputuraa o rāpoi ngota pūmua i roto i oocytes, embryos me whakato purapura mo te whakakī ngaro matūkai atu. Ki runga ki wāhinga o nga peptides hua waikawa amino me matū kaha biologically, e he tika mo te whanaketanga tonu o ngā kaiao ora.
3. Ko te mahi pūngao. I tua atu i te warowaihā taruke taea te tinana hua me pūmua. I roto i te pirau o te 1 go o peptide tukua 17.6 kJ pūngao whai hua i roto i te puka o te triphosphate adenosine (ATP), poto nei i runga i ngā tukanga faufaa.
4. Tohu me te mahi ture. Kei a ia i roto i te mau ana i roto i te aroturuki tupato o tukanga haere tonu, me te tuku o tohu i pūtau ki kikokiko, i a ratou ki nga mana, i te hou ki te pūnaha, me te pera i runga i. He tauira angamaheni he taiāki, e te tino papa'i te maha o te kūhuka toto.
5. mahi receptor. Kei te tutuki te reira na roto i te huri i te conformation o te peptide ki tetahi taha o te membrane me te whakawhitiwhiti i te tahi atu pito o te hanganga. A, no te puta me tenei te tuku tohu me te mōhiohio e hiahiatia ana. E tāmau te nuinga o enei pūmua i roto i te membrane cytoplasmic o ngā pūtau ka kawe i te mana tino mo katoa o te therethrough paahitanga rauemi. faaara ano e koe ki nga huringa matū me te tinana i roto i te taiao.
6. Transport mahi o te peptides. Kei te kawea te reira i roto i whāngai pūmua me pūmua taraka. Ratou tūranga he kitea - kawe rāpoi minaminatia ki te pae ki te kukū iti o nga wahi tiketike. He tauira angamaheni ko te waka o te hāora, me te hauhā i te okana, me te kopa o te pūtoto pūmua. Kua tutuki ratou ano te tuku o pūhui ki te taimaha rāpoi iti i roto i te membrane ki te pūtau.
7. mahi Hanganga. Ko tētahi o te nui tino o te hunga e mahi pūmua. whakaratohia te hanganga o ngā pūtau, me ratou organelles te peptides. He rite ki te anga te tautuhi āhua me te hanganga ratou. I tua atu, tautoko ratou ano a reira, a ka whakarerekē te mea e tika ana. Na reira, hoki te tipu me te whanaketanga o ngā kaiao ora katoa pūmua faufaa i roto i te kai. Taua peptides ngā elastin, tubulin, collagen, actin, me ētahi atu keratin.
8. Ko te mahi catalytic. te raveraa i ia whākōkī. He tokomaha, me te momo, whakatere ratou nga tauhohe matū, me te matüora katoa i roto i te tinana. Te kore ratou whai wāhitanga, e taea ki te ngaungau anake hoki e rua nga ra aporo noa i roto i te puku, he reira pea ki te whakapiko i te wa ano. I raro i te mahi o catalase, peroxidase me ētahi atu whākōkī, e tenei tukanga wahi i roto i te rua haora. I roto i te whānui, he reira te whakawhetai ki tenei tūranga, pūmua anabolism me kawea catabolism te i roto i, i te mea, kirihou me te pūngao pākia.

Ko te tūranga paruru

He maha ngā momo o tuma, i nei e hangaia pūmua ki te tiaki i te tinana.

Tuatahi, whakaeke matū pāmamae tauhohenga, hau, rāpoi, matū tūāwhiorangi rerekē o te mahi. E taea e ki te whai wāhi ki a ratou i roto i te tauhohenga matū, tahuri ki te puka kinokore ranei noa neutralizing Peptides.

Tuarua, ko te riri tinana i te patunga - ki te kore te te pūmua pūwētoto i roto i te wa puta ki pūtōtepe i te pae o te whara, te toto e kore e tetepe, a konei ka puta blockage. Na, i runga i te anga ke, me te reira plasmin peptide ahei katinga ngote nei, ka whakahoki patency o te oko.

Tuatoru, ko te riri o te wātea i te mate. Hanganga me te uara o nga pūmua e hanga i nga parepare ārai, he tino nui. Paturopi, immunoglobulins, interferons - he āhuatanga nui, me te tino katoa o te lymphatic me ngā pūnaha ārai mate. Tetahi matūriki ke, rāpoi ngota kino, pūtau mate he wahi o te hanganga katoa ranei i raro te ki te tūhuratanga tonu i te pūhui peptide. Ko Ko te aha e taea te tangata ake, i waho te āwhina o taero i nga ra katoa ki te tiaki ia ratou i te mate, me te huaketo ohie.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko

Ko te tino motuhake te hanganga o nga pūtau pūmua, me te tei runga i te mahi. Ko te āhuatanga ōkiko o peptides he rite a taea te heke ki te āhuatanga e whai ake nei.

1. rāpoi Taumaha - ki 1000000 Daltons.
2. I roto i te wairewa hanga te pūnaha colloidal. He ki atu tenei whiwhi hanganga ahei rerekē i runga i te kawatanga o te reo rānei.
3. A, no te kitea ki ngā āhuatanga kino (radiation, waikawa alkali ranei, te pāmahana, me ētahi atu) e taea ki te neke ki ētahi atu taumata conformations, i.e. denature. Ko te tukanga i roto i te 90% o ngā take tina heke. Heoi, i reira te mea he neke whakamuri - renaturation.

Tenei āhuatanga taketake o ngā āhuatanga tinana o nga peptides.