Pūnaha Navigation. Marine Navigation Systems

taputapu Navigation Ko te whānui o ngā momo me te akatuke'anga momo. He pūnaha tikanga mō te whakamahi i roto i ngā āhuatanga moana tuwhera, i e taunga ētahi ki te tini te whanui o ngā kaiwhakamahi, ngāue'aki kaiwhakatere te nuinga mō ngā take whakangahau. He aha e te pūnaha whakatere?

He aha te mea navigation?

Ko te wā "whakatere" Ko o take Latin. kupu Navigo tikanga "tētē i runga i te kaipuke." Na te tīmatanga ko reira tata faaauhia te kaipuke whakatere ranei. Otiia ki te whanaketanga o te hangarau e whakahaere te ara tohanga o kaipuke i runga i ngā moana, me te haerenga mai o te rererangi, hangarau wāhi, kua tino whakawhānui te wā te whānui o ngā whakamārama taea.

I teie mahana, i raro i te whakatere tikanga te tukanga e i te tangata, ko te kaupapa ki etahi mana, i runga i te pūtake o ona taunga mokowā. Kei whakatere Ie o rua ngā tukanga - he mana hāngai, me te utua te ara tino pai o te ahanoa.

whakaterenga momo

Ko te tino whānui te whakarōpū o ngā momo o te whakatere. tautuhi tohunga Modern nga ona momo matua e whai ake nei:

- car;

- arorangi;

- whakaterenga kararehe;

- rangi;

- wāhi;

- moana;

- whakaterenga irirangi;

- amiorangi;

- raro;

- mōhiohio;

- inertial.

E hono tata ētahi o enei momo o whakatere - te nuinga e tika ana ki te Whānui o te hangarau wāhi. Hei tauira, he navigation motokā maha whakamahi mea angamaheni mō te amiorangi.

He momo whakauru i roto i nei e whakamahia e rave rahi rauemi hangarau wā kotahi, pērā i, mo ngā pūnaha tauira, whakatere me te mōhiohio. kia ratou te kī, rite taua rauemi amiorangi. Heoi, ko te whāinga hopea o te whakamahi i ratou ki te homai i te rōpū ūnga o ngā kaiwhakamahi ki te kōrero e tika ana.

pūnaha whakatere

Ko te momo hāngai o puka whakatere, rite ki te tikanga, ko te taua ingoa o te pūnaha. He he, kupu, he pūnaha navigation motokā, moana, wāhi, me ētahi atu Ko reira i roto i te hapori tohunga hoki te whakamāramatanga o tenei wā. He pūnaha whakatere, kia rite ki te tikanga noa - he kohinga o ngā momo o te taputapu (me te mea e hāngai - me te pūmanawa) e tukua ki a koe te whakatau i te tūnga o te ahanoa, me te ki te tātai i tona ara. Ka taea e te kete e rerekē konei. Otiia i roto i te nuinga o te wā, te pūnaha āhuatanga e te wae taketake e whai ake nei pēnei i:

- kāri (te tikanga rorohiko);

- pūoko, āmiorangi me ētahi atu waeine mō te tātai taunga;

- ahanoa pūnaha-kore e whakarato mōhiohio e pā ana ki te wāhi matawhenua o te ūnga;

- wae pūmārō me te tātari pūmanawa, raraunga tāuru me te putanga, me te tūhono i te kai tuatahi e toru.

Ka rite ki te tikanga, te hanganga o te hunga atu pūnaha ranei taunga ki te hiahia o ngā kaiwhakamahi mutunga. Etahi momo o rongoā kia tohu whakawhanakehia ai ki te wahi hōtaka, ranei, hei kōrero, taputapu. Hei tauira, rongonui i roto i te pūnaha navigation Russian "Navitel" - ko atu ngohengohe tenei. Kei te hangaia te reira ki te whakamahi i te whānui o tangata ngā, whai ngā momo o ngā pūrere pūkoro - rorohiko, papa, smartphones.

Navigation i te pee'utari

riro tetahi pūnaha whakatere, te tuatahi o te katoa, te whakarite i te taunga o te ahanoa - te tikanga he matawhenua. Mua, i ake tonu taputapu tangata i roto i tenei whakaaro. I teie mahana, te pūnaha whakatere tino matatau - amiorangi. kanohi ratou hanganga e te huinga o te taputapu nui-pū, wahi o nei kei te i runga i te whenua, te tahi atu - faaafaroraa i ohuraa. Ka taea e Modern pūnaha whakatere amiorangi tātai i te taunga matawhenua kore anake o te ahanoa engari ano hoki te tere me te ahunga o tona kaupapa.

Elements o whakaterenga amiorangi

Ko te hanganga o te pūnaha tēnā ngā nga huānga e whai ake nei taketake: amiorangi whetū, wae whenua o inenga ruruku ngā orbital, me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ki a ratou whakaaro mo te mutunga-kaiwhakamahi (kaiwhakatere), rite rawa ki te pūmanawa e tika ana, i roto i ētahi wā - oko mo whakatakotoranga o taunga matawhenua (GSM-pourewa takere ipurangi, ramaroa irirangi, me ētahi atu).

Nahea whakaterenga amiorangi

Nahea te pūnaha navigation amiorangi? Ko te pūtake o te mahi - tawhiti hātepe inenga i te ahanoa ki te āmiorangi. Kei te whakamutunga i roto i te āmionga tata kahore huri tona tūranga, me te mea ko ratou tūranga tonu whanaunga tonu ki te whenua. I roto i te Navigator, whakatakotoria nga whika hāngai. Te kimi i te pee'utari, me te ka hono tukunga (ki maha ranei), whakatau te taputapu, i roto i te tahuri, tona tūranga matawhenua. Ko te tikanga taketake konei - te tātaitanga o te tawhiti ki te tere poipoi irirangi e hāngai ana amiorangi-. ahanoa orbital e tuku he tono ki te whenua ki te tika rawa i runga i te wā - ka whakamahi i te reira i te karaka ngota. Te fariiraa i whakautu i te kaiwhakatere, te pee'utari (rōpū ranei ona) whakatau he tawhiti i roto i te tetahi wā wa i wa ki haere te ngaru irirangi. Waihoki, ko te tere whanganga o te ahanoa - he paku atu uaua anake te inenga.

fifi Hangarau

Kua takoto matou e te whakatere pee'utari - te tino tino mo te tikanga tenei ra o te whakatau i te taunga matawhenua. Heoi, haere tahi te whakamahi mahi o tenei hangarau e te maha o fifi hangarau. He aha, hei tauira? Tuatahi o te katoa, ko reira te heterogeneity o te tohatoha o te parae kalāvité o te ao - pānga tenei te tūnga o te whanaunga pee'utari ki te whenua. Kei te hoki āhuatanga te taonga rite i te kōhauhau. kia pā Ko tōna heterogeneity te tere o ngaru irirangi, i te mea he aha i roto i te āhuatanga mahi ai kia hē.

Ko tētahi atu uaua hangarau - tonoa mai te pee'utari ki te kaiwhakatere te tohu, maha i faaapiapi e te tahi atu taonga whenua. Ka rite ki te hua, te whakamahi tonu i o te pūnaha i roto i nga pa ki whare roroa he uaua.

whakamahi Practical o āmiorangi

Kei te te kimi pūnaha whakatere Amiorangi te whānui o ngā tono ngā. I roto i te mau rave'a e rave rahi - hei huānga o te momo o rongoā arumoni o te takotoranga ā. E nehenehe te reira rite taputapu te kāinga, me mo te tauira, pāpāho multifunctional pūnaha navigation. I tua atu i te whakamahi harangotengote, āmiorangi rauemi he ruri, tohunga i roto i te mara o te cartography, kamupene waka, ngā ratonga tūmatanui. Tohunga pūtaiao he āmiorangi mātātoa wāhi. I roto i ngā, taea te whakamahi ratou ki te whakatatau kaupapa nekeneke hihiri o mau papaa parau te whenua. E whakamahia kaiwhakatere amiorangi me rite te taputapu hokohoko - ki te awhina o maramarama, i roto i nei i reira he tikanga o geopositioning, kamupene whakahaere rangahau o ratou turanga kiritaki, me te, mo te tauira, pānuitanga hāngai tika. O te akoranga, te whakamahi i te kaiwhakatere me te hōia - ratou, i roto i te meka, whakawhanakehia te nui pūnaha navigation tenei ra, GPS me te GLONASS - mo nga hiahia o te US Army ko Russia aua. A e kore ko te rārangi ngaio o ngā wāhi i reira e taea te whakamahi āmiorangi tenei.

pūnaha whakatere Modern

E pūnaha whakatere e mahi i tenei ra tae atu itoito ranei kei roto i te wā o te whakamahinga? Kia tīmata a ki te kotahi i puta i runga i te mākete tūmatanui ao mua atu i te tahi atu pūnaha whakatere - GPS. Ko tōna kaiwhakawhanake me te rangatira - te Tari US o Paruru. Pūrere e kōrero i roto i te GPS-āmiorangi - te tino noa i roto i te ao. Te nuinga no te mea, rite mea i runga matou, te pūnaha whakatere US kua whakaurua ki te mākete mua atu i ona whakataetae o nāianei.

Tino whiwhi rongonui GLONASS. Ko tenei - te pūnaha navigation Russian. no reira ki, i tahuri, i te Tāhuhu o Defence o te Russian Federation. I hangaia te reira, kia rite ki te kotahi putanga, e pā ana ki te wā rite taua o te GPS - i roto i te mutunga o te 80 o - wawe 90 o. Heoi, ko te mākete tūmatanui kua muia rite tata rite 2011. Ētahi atu a atu te kamupene o rongoā pūmārō mō te whakatinana i te tautoko GLONASS whakatere i roto i o ratou whakaaro.

Kei te riro te reira e taea te hanga he whakataetae nui ki GLONASS me GPS he pūnaha navigation ao "Beidou", whakawhanakehia i roto i te China. Heoi, i te kau reira anake mahi rite te motu. tūnga Global taea te tiki i te reira, kia rite ki te tahi mau kaitätari, i 2020, ka e kia whakaaturia te āmionga āmiorangi nui - he āhua taitamariki e pā ana ki 35. "Beidou" hōtaka whanaketanga pūnaha - kua reira anake tika timata i roto i te 2000, me te pee'utari tuatahi whakarewahia i roto i te ngā Hainamana 2007.

E ngana ana ki te pupuri i te Pakeha. kia tomo pai te GLONASS pūnaha whakatere me tona tauira American i roto i te heke mai ki te whakataetae ki a Galileo. Open whetū o āmiorangi i roto i te nui matau o orbital taonga waeine Pākehā whakamahere i 2020.

I roto i te tahi atu kaupapa whaihua mo te whanaketanga o te pūnaha whakatere taea te tuhia Indian IRNSS, me QZSS Hapanihi. No nia i te mōhiohio tūmatanui whānui whakapuakina tuatahi e pā ana ki whakaaro o te kaiwhakawhanake ki te waihanga i tētahi pūnaha ao ano. Kei te riro te reira e ka mahi IRNSS te rohe anake o India. Ko hoki te hōtaka tino taitama - i hoatu te amiorangi tuatahi ki ohuraa i roto i 2008. tūmanakohia pūnaha pee'utari Japanese te ki te whakamahi te nuinga i roto i te rohe motu o te whenua te kaiwhakawhanake pātata ki reira ranei.

tika tūnga

I runga tuhia matou he maha o fifi e te hunga whai pānga ki te mahi o ngā pūnaha whakatere amiorangi. I roto i te matua, he aha huaina tatou - te wāhi o te āmiorangi i ohuraa, ratou kaupapa ki te ara e hiahiatia ana ranei te kore āhuatanga tonu e te pūmautanga pū o te maha o ngā take. whakatau hē o taunga matawhenua i roto i te Navigator tenei tātaitanga. Heoi, e kore te mea anake te take e kawekawe te tūnga tika i te pee'utari tenei. He aha atu pānga te tika o te tātai i te taunga?

Tuatahi o te katoa, kia tuhia te reira - e kore e tonu aua karaka ngota e kua tāuta i runga i te āmiorangi tika rawa. He taea ratou, ahakoa iti rawa, engari pā tonu te kounga o ngā hapa pūnaha whakatere. Hei tauira, ki te ka te tātai i te wa i roto i nei neke i te ngaru irirangi, ka koe hanga he hape i te taumata o tekau o nanoseconds, te hē i roto i te faaotiraa o taunga o ngā taumata whenua e taea e maha ngā mita. Heoi, i roto i te āmiorangi hou i whakatangi e tuku mo te tātaitanga, ara tango ki pūkete hapa taea i roto i te karaka ngota.

Runga ake tuhia matou e roto i te āhuatanga e pa ana i te tika o te pūnaha whakatere - heterogeneity o kōhauhau o te whenua. Ka riro te reira whai hua ki te fakalahi tenei meka atu kōrero e pā ana ki te pānga o te mara-whenua e tata ana i runga i te mahi o te āmiorangi. Ko te meka e te wehewehea te huru o to tatou paraneta ki te maha rohe. Ko te tetahi e ko mau i runga i te rohe ki te wāhi free - Kōhaungōtata - ngā o te apa o matūriki he tetahi tiaki. Kei te pokanoa ratou ki ngaru irirangi, ka tukua te pee'utari, e taea te whakaiti i to ratou tere, ai taea te tātai te tawhiti ki te ahanoa ki te hapa. Kia mōhio e ki tenei ahua o te puna o te kōrero raruraru nga ngā o te mahi whakatere peeutari: i roto i te hātepe o te taputapu orbital e te nuinga o whakaurua ngā momo o tauira e fakatonutonu, tango ki pūkete i roto i te tātaitanga o te wahi o ngaru irirangi i roto i te Kōhaungōtata.

Ka taea hoki e te kapua, me te tahi atu ari kōhauhau pā te tika o te pūnaha whakatere. Water kohu reira i roto i te papa tēnā o te rangi takotoranga whenua, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te matūriki i roto i te Kōhaungōtata, pā te tere o ngaru irirangi.

O te akoranga, ki te whakaaro ki motu whakamahi GLONASS GPS ranei i te hanganga o taua waeine, pēnei i te pūnaha pāpāho navigation, e te hunga whakangahau mahi i roto i ara maha, e kore e tino etahi haupūtanga iti i roto i te miscalculations taunga. Otira ka kia tano kia hāngai ki te tūranga matawhenua tūturu o ngā te whakamahi hōia o āmiorangi hāngai tātaitanga.

Āhuatanga o te whakatere moana

I muri korero e pā ana ki te momo tino hou o whakatere, tango matou i te haerenga poto ki hītori. Ka rite ki mohiotia te, te wā ano, tuku ki, hoki puta te wa tuatahi i roto i te taiao kaumoana. He aha ngā āhuatanga e āhuatanga e ngā pūnaha navigation moana?

A paraparau e pā ana ki te āhuatanga o mua, he mea ka taea ki te mōhio i te kunenga mai o te mea i te tikanga o nga heramana. Ko tētahi o te tuatahi "otinga pūmārō" ko he kāpehu, whakaaro nei e te tahi mau tohunga ki kua i whakaaro i roto i te rau tau XI. ake hoki Tukanga whakamahere, whakatere rite mea matua. I roto i te rau tau XVI timata Gerard Mercator ki te mahere i runga i te parau tumu o te tono o te ngä porotakaroa ki koki rite. I roto i te rau tau XIX i whakaaro ai e te takamuri - he wae aunoa ahei o te ine i te tere o kaipuke. I roto i te rau tau rua tekau i roto i te täoro o heramana puta hihiani, a ka te āmiorangi kōrero wāhi. whakahaere nei i te pūnaha moana navigation tino matatau, ko te kupu kokoti i nga hua o te tūhura wāhi i te tangata. He aha e nga pau o ratou mahi?

Ētahi tohunga whakapono e āhuatanga te āhuatanga matua o nei i te pūnaha whakatere moana hou - taputapu paerewa tāuta i runga i te kaipuke, he ātete tiketike rawa ki te abrasion me te wai. Ko te mārama tenei - e kore e taea ki te kaipuke i roto i te mano kaukau tuwhera o maile i whenua, ko te reira i roto i te āhuatanga ka kore ohorere te taputapu. I te whenua, te wahi uru - te rauemi o te ao, e taea te whakaritea nga mea katoa, i roto i te moana - he raruraru.

He aha ētahi atu āhuatanga nui he pūnaha navigation moana? taputapu Permanent, i roto i te tua ki te whakaritenga whakahauanga - kakahu te tikanga Kei ātete kōwae taunga ki te warea o te tahi mau tawhā taiao (hohonu, pāmahana wai, me ētahi atu). Ano, tere o te kaipuke i roto i ngā pūnaha whakatere moana, i roto i te maha ngā take e kore tonu tatau āmiorangi me tikanga auau.