Whakamahere fakahinohino - ko te tukanga o te whakawhanake mahere e kua kawea ki nga tinana teitei o wae hanganga

Ka taea te i titiro whakamahere rite te ahua motuhake o te mahi pāpori ranei mahi mana motuhake. E ohipa te reira i te taputapu whai hua mo te whakatinanatanga o ngā hōtaka kāwanatanga. Ko te ahanoa matua o tenei mahi i te taumata motu ko te hanganga pāpori me te ōhanga. whakamahere fakahinohino - tetahi o nga momo o te whakatinanatanga o te hōtaka e whakamahia ana i roto i te wa Soviet. Kia whai whakaaro ano tatou i te reira i roto i te kōrero atu.

Overview

he maha o ngā āhuatanga motuhake te ōhanga hapori kua. E whakarato ana i te puka motuhake o te whakahaere o te matatini ōhanga. mahi te whakamahere pokapū rite ia. Ahakoa te meka e ko te tikanga Soviet i roto i te mua, i tēnei wā kei te maha whakamahia tenei puka o te mana me ngā tikanga mākete. Ko te matua e tika ana ki te meka i te hanganga o ngā āhuatanga hou mo te mahi o te matatini ōhanga he tika ki te matapae i te opuaraa no te whanaketanga tenei.

whāinga

Whakamahere Ko te tukanga whakatau-hanga e hāngai ana i runga i te whānui o te raraunga taketake. Ko tā te reira i whakatau me ngā take tika pūtaiao, ara, me te tikanga mo te whakatutuki ia ratou e te tikanga o te aro mātai whakatairite o ngā kōwhiringa, me te tīpako i te tetahi tino pai i roto i ngā o te whanaketanga tūmanakohia. herea whakamahere State āhuatanga katoa o te hanga, pupuritia e te toenga i waenganui i utu, me te taiao-rauemi rerenga. whakatairanga te reira i te whakamahi whai hua, me te pai o ngā rauemi e wātea ana mo te whakatutukitanga o ngā mahi. E kore te Ko te ngako o te mahi iti ki te whakawhanake me te mau mai i tokomaha o nga hua ki te hara tonu, a i roto i te waihanga o nga whāinga whanaketanga tūmanakohia me te whanaketanga o taputapu mo ratou whakatutukitanga tūturu. Tei runga i te puka o te whakamahere rautaki, tohu, me te fakahinohino he nunui. I roto i ngā āhuatanga hou e whakaaro ki te waiho i te tino noa tuarua tuatahi, me te.

pūnaha Kaupapahere-whakamahere

Ko tā te reira i te whanaketanga o ngā hōtaka e whai i te kaha ture o te ture, me te te tikanga, me tikanga mo ratou whakatinanatanga. Na roto i te kaupapa whakahauanga. I te wa ano i whakaritea e te rangatira te kawenga mō te tukanga katoa. E pai te mōhio e te taua mahere kāwanatanga tokomaha te iwi pakeke. Kua maha whakamahia nga whenua Pākehā Soviet Union me Eastern te kaupapa i raro i whakaarohia i roto i te whakahaere o te matatini ōhanga motu. Ki te awhina o ngā hōtaka kāwanatanga hangaia tika pānga ona ao katoa me ngā hononga. I kakahu ia hāngai Gosplan me rerekē taipitopito tino. Na, i roto i te mahi he reira maha ranea a noho i runga i te pepa i te whakahengia rawa iho.

pū

whakamahere fakahinohino - ko te ahua o te mana, e uhinga a pipiki tino ki te ako, kawenga o hinonga, rangatira, me tinana ōhanga mō te kore o ngā mahi. Kei te haere tahi te reira na roto i te mana tino o te putanga me te tohatoha o ngā rauemi. herea ia kaiwhakarato e ki tona kiritaki me te kiritaki, i roto i te tahuri, e mohio i nei e riro ia wāhanga, hua āhua-oti, me ngā rauemi raw. whakatau te Tāhuhu o Economy te nui, me pehea, ka ki te whakaputa i, i te mea utu, me te ki nei ki te hoko. Kaupapa o āpiha ōhanga i te wa taua tino kingi i roto i.

whakatinanatanga

whakamahere fakahinohino - ko reira he ahua taua o te kāwanatanga i roto i i tohaina te taumahi i whakaritea wāhitau me te rauemi e tika ana mo to ratou whakatinanatanga. A, no te te heriheri o te mana kāwanatanga, e hipokina whakamahere pokapū ao katoa o te hapori. Ko te kauwhiti matua e:

1. Rohe i runga i te pūtea punga.
2. pūtea Budget.
3. whakahau Kāwanatanga.
4. Funds o ngā rauemi rawa, me te hangarau.

I roto i te tukanga o kaupapa whanaketanga kaihaka kore e tākaro i te wāhi nui. ngā Pūmanawa te mahi ähua centralized, amo fatongia mo nga tohu paetae logistics. e kore te tēnei pūmanawa maha maua mai whakawhanakehia tautokona e te rauemi e tika ana. I roto i ngā take pēnei, riro te mahere te pikaunga.

huānga hanganga

Ki te momo katoa o ngā puka o taonga Economy Tāhuhu maha whakamahi wāhanga o kaupapa mana o mua i roto i te rängai tümatanui, me te pūtea pūtea. Ēnei āhuatanga, i roto i ngā, kua whakaurua ki roto ki te hōtaka:

1. hua supply mō ngā hiahia kāwanatanga e hānga ana.
2. Whanaketanga o te rāngai tūmatanui.
3. Manakohia hoki tahua i te pūtea e hānga ana.

whakamahere fakahinohino - ko reira he ara ki te whakahaere, tino hāunga te pānga mākete i runga i te pūnaha ōhanga. kawea whakawhanake i ngā hōtaka ki te tonotono tata tohu microeconomic katoa. I roto i tenei take, e kore e te hinonga i motuhake. A, no te waho whakatau hanga ngā aro mātai microeconomic. ka mau te mākete nga utu mahere - te rōrahi o taurewa - pūtea o utu koloa - disaggregation me te whakawhāititanga, supply me te tono - toenga. whakamahere fakahinohino - he anake te tukanga whakahaere tenei. Ko tōna hoki kahore utu e pā ana ki te whakamahi o tikanga.

wheako whakahaere

Te whakawhiti i te whakamahere pokapū ki te ara hanga reira fakahu'unga, te tuatahi o te katoa, te whakakorenga o pakanga o te pānga i waenganui i kaitoi me ngā pūmanawa. I roto i te tikanga ki te tutuki ngā whāinga noa e kore e kia kōrero kaupapa i roto i te puka o mahi. He tika to ratou whanaketanga ki te ako atu i te kai-tika. Na, tino he wheako kino i roto i nga tau o mua e kore e pokanoa ki te whakamahi fakahinohino whakamahere production i roto i hei whakaoti rapanga motu. kia mohio ki te reira e tenei kaupapa, mahi hei kē ki te mākete whaiaro whakarerekētanga-, e kore tona huritua. Ko te taputapu faufaa whakamahia e te kore anake e te kāwanatanga rite te katoa, engari ano hoki te wāhi pakihi i roto i ngā.

uara

whakamahia whakamahere fakahinohino te i roto i ngā āhuatanga i reira he mea tika ki te whakaoti rapanga ao. Ko te tino whai hua i roto i te ahumahi te whenua o tenei puka o te whakahaere o te matatini ōhanga motu, te hanganga o kaha ārai, huringa hanganga o hinonga ahumahi, me te pera i runga i. Heoi, he mea tika ki te whakamahi i te whakamahere centralized i roto i te pauna, āhuatanga tino. Hei tauira, i roto i te kino tūturu, whawhai, korekore, raruraru. kia iti whānuitanga me te wā o te arata'iraa kaupapa here i roto i tenei take.

He otinga kē

I tēnei wā, ko te whānui tino i roto i te ao whiwhi te whakamahere tohu. tavini te reira rite te tikanga o te iteraa o te kaupapa here hapori, me te ōhanga o te kāwanatanga, te tikanga matua o te mana i runga i te mahi o te tikanga mākete. whakamahere tohu whai wāhi tōtika te whakatutuki tokomaha o nga raruraru i roto i te wā. Kei te whakamahia te reira, ina ko tino iti nga tikanga mākete anake kahore wawaotanga kāwanatanga.

Āhuatanga o te kaupapa

Tohutoro (tohu) whakamahere ko te tukanga o te hanganga o te huinga o tohu, āhuatanga nei i te te whanaketanga me te rängai ōhanga motu whānui. Ēnei tawhā hāngai ki te kaupapa here tūmatanui, me te whakaaro etahi mehua o te mana kāwanatanga i runga i te tukanga. Tohu o te whanaketanga e tohu whakaata pai, hanganga me akiaki o te ao ōhanga, te āhua me te āhua o te maimoatanga o te pūtea, peeke, mākete me taonga, te kounga o te ora o tangata, te taumata o te mahi ki te hoa tauhokohoko o te ao, me ētahi atu. Huinga ä taurite o enei tawhā whakarato te aromatawai ine o te āhua o te mahi i roto i te ao ā-ōhanga, mo te whakatinanatanga o mehua e kua hāngai ture kāwanatanga.

tukanga tirotiro

Ko te ngako o te whakamahere tohu he tika whāinga, whāinga, ngā tikanga, me tohutohu o te kaupapa here kāwanatanga. E ohipa te reira i te puka whai hua o ngā taunekeneke o ngā pūtahi e hānga ana katoa whakahaere e rua ki ia atu, me te ki te tari ā-rohe mō te whanaketanga o te rāngai ōhanga me ona wāhanga takitahi. Ko te tūranga o te whakamahere tohu ko te tohu tika o ngā wāhi i roto i nei ki te State wawao i roto i te wā tino tautuhi. e kore e mahi i te mana tika i runga i te kamupene, engari kamupene nui he hiahia i roto i te mahi ki te kāwanatanga kia rite i roto i te hiahia o te tautoko i roto i kukume haumi ke, whakatairanga ratou hua ki te hokohoko ao, me te pera atu. kore e mahere Ngā tineia kaupapa pakihi. I te wa ano tukua ratou ki a koe te tautuhi i te kamupene whakahaere akoranga kotahi, ki te whakamōhio pakihi e pā ana ki te tono pea, te āhuatanga i roto i ngā ahumahi e hāngai ana, te āhuatanga i runga i te mākete mahi, me te pera i runga i. e kore e taea ki te whakatika i te haumi, kahore whakamahere. whai hōtaka whakawhanakehia he pānga i runga i te moni tūmatanui. Whakamahere taea ki a koe ngā pararopi ariā ā-ohaoha, matapae kāwanatanga vahi ōhanga, ngā mana matatini, te rōrahi o haumi whakapaipai e hānga ana, deliveries mo ngā hiahia kāwanatanga, hinonga whakahaere kāwanatanga-fatuhia.

tōtika

hāngai ana te whakamahere tohu kei runga i te kaupapa matua, e kua hanga e i raro i nga tikanga manawarü. Tauwhiro ki te ōhanga mākete, mahi reira hei whāinga, me te hokohoko atu tūturu me te whanaketanga o te tukanga matapae. Ko tenei e tika ana ki te meka i roto i te wahi whakamutunga o te rota o ngā wāhanga. I tua atu, i roto i te meka, te nuinga o te matapae i roto i te tukanga tātaritanga ngā te hōtaka kāwanatanga, nga mana matatini, kai mo ngā hiahia kāwanatanga, te rōrahi o haumi whakapaipai e hānga ana, me te pera atu. E ko, ko tera taha o te hōkai o ngā āhuatanga wawe tikanga te tukanga tātaritanga. whakamatauria te kaha mahere tohu mahi ao. ka Rawa hua kaupapa i roto i te fenua Tapone, a France. Falala i runga i te rängai käwanatanga, hoatu e ratou te whakaterenga o te tere o te whanaketanga o te ōhanga ā-motu.

opuaraa wā-roa

tano kia whakamahia arata'iraa me whakamahere tohu i roto i te wā poto ngā o te wā. whāinga rautaki mō te wā-roa o te hōtaka. Tenei ahua o te whakamahere tā te whakatakoto whāinga motuhake, hanganga me te tohatoha o moni e te hunga e tika ana ki te whakatutuki i a ratou. I roto i tenei take, kia rite ki te mahi tuatahi mahi whakanoho i te ōwehenga tika i waenganui i nga mea timatanga. ana ngā whāinga rautaki ki te whakatutuki i te hiahia o te iwi. Ko te hanganga o nga hiahia pānga i rua ngā āhuatanga o waho, me te ā. Ki te iti rauemi, i te mea angamaheni o tetahi whenua, haere tahi te pai rawa o nga whāinga matua e te tuatahi.

Pau o ngā hōtaka rautaki

kia I roto i te tohaina rite nga āhuatanga tautuhi o tenei puka o whakamahere:

1. Hanganga o te mau opuaraa o he faufaa whakatakotoria mō te matatini ōhanga motu.
2. Rauemi tautoko te whakatinanatanga o ngā mahi.
3. Whakaaro, mo te pānga o ngā āhuatanga roto, o waho.

Ko te whakaaro o te hōtaka rautaki ko te hanganga o rawaka kaha mo te whanaketanga angitu ū mai o matatini ōhanga. Whakatinanatanga o te hōtaka kawea i roto i te wā wā rerekē. I runga anō i te wā roa taratahi (tatau mo te 10 tau, neke atu rānei), reo (5 tau) me te nāianei kaupapa (ā-tau). I roto i te mahi, te tono katoa o enei momo o mahere. Ka āta whakarite te reira i te tonu o te hōtaka, me te paetae o te whāinga o tawhiti rerekē o te wā.

Āhuatanga hōtaka

I roto i te tukanga o te whakawhitinga ki whanaunga mākete te whakamamaetia tukanga whakamahere ngā huringa. Ko te ahua o te hōtaka, i roto i te whakarato rongoā ki te matua take e ngā nga mahi e pā ana ki ngā take taiao, pāpori, pūtaiao, hangarau, ahumahi, rohe, me te tahi atu. Ko te tika tenei tukanga mo te hanganga o te huarahi integrated me te tohatoha o ngā rauemi hāngai. Ka taea te hanga hōtaka i tetahi taumata o te nahanaha. I te wa ano whakawhanakehia he kaupapa tonu puta rite te wāhitau tuhinga tohu whakatakotoranga tohutohu ranei.

whakarōpū

Tei runga i te aronga o te mahi, ihirangi me te ahanoa o te hōtaka e taea e pūtaiao, hangarau, pāpori-ōhanga, rohe, whakahaere, ōhanga, whakawhirinaki, ohorere, me te pera i runga i. He matatini nga kaupapa rohe, me te motu. pā ratou nga take pakihi whānui, me te whakaata i te kōwhiringa pai o te ao pāpori-ōhanga o te kāwanatanga rite te katoa tona rohe i roto i ngā ranei. Kei te nuinga o unu hōtaka Emergency ake i roto i te wā poto. E whakamahia ratou i roto i te āhua i roto i ngā āhuatanga tino: kore mahi papatipu, raruraru, whakawehi pikinga, etc. I roto i o ratou mea o te whakatinanatanga o te mana whakahaere e kaha tika ..