Raruraru Energy me ona rongoā

Ko te raruraru pūngao o te tangata i hoko atu whānui katoa tau. Ko e tika ana ki te tupu o te taupori ao, me te whanaketanga tere o te hangarau, e tika ana ki te tipu taumata o kohi pūngao tenei. Ahakoa te whakamahi o karihi, kē me hurihiko mana, hea te raiona o o iwi wahie tonu ki te tango i te whenua. Oil, kapuni, me te waro e exhaustible rauemi pūngao māori, ki te rā, heke ratou rakau ki te taumata tino.

Timata o te mutunga

timata te ao o nga raruraru pūngao o te taata i roto i nga 70 o te rau tau whakamutunga, ina ko runga te wā o te hinu cheap. Tarepa me te ara koi i roto i te utu o tenei momo o te wahie i whakapataritari he raruraru nui i roto i te ōhanga ao. A ahakoa kua heke tona uara i runga i te wā, kua nga buka i tamau heke, na te pūngao me te rauemi raw raruraru o te taata e hoko atu whakapeka.

Hei tauira, i roto i te wā i 60 ki te 80 tau o te rau tau rua tekau anake, ko te rōrahi ao o te waro 40%, te hinu - 75% hau māori - 80% o te tapeke o ngā rauemi e whakamahia ana mai i te timatanga o te rau tau.

Ahakoa te meka i timata te kaimahi wahie i roto i te 70, a ka kitea taua mea e te raruraru pūngao - ko reira he raruraru ao o te taata nei, kihai i whakarato matapae o tupu o te kohi. I whakaritea te reira e ka nui ake i te rōrahi o te maina i te 2000 i te 3 ngā wā. I muri, o te akoranga, i heke enei mahere, ko te hua ko te whakamahi rawa te pōhatuhatu o ngā rauemi, i roa hoki tekau tau, i tenei ra kua riro tata ratou.

Ko te āhuatanga matawhenua matua o nga raruraru pūngao o te taata

Ko tētahi take mo te kaimahi wahie tipu ko te Taumaha o nga tikanga o tona production, me, rite te putanga, te ara i roto i te utu o te tukanga. Ki te he torutoru noa tekau tau ki muri, i te rauemi māori e takoto ana i runga i te mata, engari i tenei ra i ki ake i tonu te hohonu o nga poka maina, hau me te hinu. Tino arā te mauähara o tikanga arowhenua o te tupu o te pūngao i roto i te wāhi tawhito ahumahi o Amerika Te Tai Tokerau, Western Europe, Russia me Ukraine.

Homai nga āhuatanga matawhenua o te pūngao me te rauemi raw raruraru o te taata, e ti'a ia tatou e mea ai ratou otinga ko ki te whakawhānui i te rohe rauemi. Me ki te whakawhanake i ngā wāhi hou ki mama tikanga arowhenua. Ko te kupu e taea ana ki te whakaiti i te utu o te wahie production. kia whanau te reira i roto i te ngakau e te kaha whakapaipai whānui o te hanga pūngao i roto i ngā wāhi hou, rite ki te tikanga, he nui teitei.

Economic me ka hāpaitia e ngā āhuatanga o te pūngao me te rauemi raw raruraru o te taata

Kua arahina e te kēkeno o rāhui wahie matatoka ki te putanga o te whakataetae nui i roto i te mau taata ōhanga, tōrangapū me te hāpaitia e. whai wāhi corporations Giant e i roto i te wāhanga wahie o ngā rauemi wahie, me te pūngao, me te tohatoha anō o ao o mana i roto i te ahumahi, i arata'i ki rerekē utu tamau i runga i te ao mākete hau, waro, me te hinu. āhuatanga iu tino aggravates raruraru pūngao o te taata nei.

Global Haumarutanga Energy

haere mai tenei ariā ki te whakamahi i te timatanga o te rautau 21. Ko te mau parau tumu o te taua rautaki haumaru whakarato pono, wā-roa, me te supply pūngao taiao manakohia, ka tika ai te utu o nei, me te ki te whakarite i te whenua e rua kaweake me kawemai wahie.

Ko taea whakatinanatanga o tenei rautaki anake, ki te whakakore i te take o ngā raruraru pūngao o te taata, me mehua mahi e hāngai ana te whakarite atu i te ōhanga ao rite te wahie tikanga, me te pūngao i ngā mātāpuna rerekē. A kia hoatu te whanaketanga o te pūngao kē tokanga makehe.

kaupapa here tiaki pūngao

I roto i nga ra o te wahie cheap e kua puta ōhanga rauemi-kaha rawa i roto i nga whenua maha huri noa i te ao. Tuatahi o te katoa, he āhuatanga taua i kitea kua i roto i te whenua taonga i roto i ngā rauemi kohuke. Ahu te rārangi o te Soviet Union, te United States, Canada, China ko Ahitereiria. I roto i te USSR he e rave rahi taime teitei atu i roto i Amerika i te rōrahi o te kohi wahie ōrite.

he āhuatanga taua hiahiatia introduction akiaki o te kaupapa here pūngao faaoraraa i roto i te kāinga, ahumahi, waka me ētahi atu rāngai o te ōhanga. Tango ki pūkete āhuatanga katoa o te pūngao me te rauemi raw raruraru o te taata i timata ki te whakawhanake me te whakatinana i hangarau ki te whakaiti kaha pūngao motuhake o GDP i enei whenua, a ki te hanga i te hanganga ōhanga katoa o te ōhanga ao.

Angitu me ngā rahunga

Kua te angitu tino nui i roto i te mara o te whakaora pūngao kua tutuki whenua ōhanga whakawhanakehia o te Te Hau-ā-uru. i hoki nga tau tuatahi 15 ratou taea ki te whakaiti i te kaha pūngao o tona GDP i 1/3, i te hua i roto i te whakaiti o ratou hea o te kohi pūngao ao i 60 ki te 48 ōrau. Ki te rā, kua tonu tenei au, me te tupu GDP i roto i te Te Hau-ā-uru i mua o te buka tipu o kohi wahie.

Tino kino i roto i Central ko Eastern Europe, China me nga whenua Kihi. heke te kaha pūngao o te ōhanga rawa āta. Ko Kei te whanake i te kau taki o te antireytinga ōhanga whenua. wahie Hei tauira, mate e pā ana i roto i te nuinga o nga whenua African me Āhia (kapuni me te hinu) e i te 80 ki te 100 ōrau.

Mau me Prospects

raruraru Energy me huarahi ki te whakaoti i te reira āwangawanga i tenei ra i te ao. Ki te whakapai ake i te āhuatanga o nāianei whakaurua ngā innovations hangarau, me te hangarau. Hoki te whakaaro o te whakaora pūngao tino rite taputapu ahumahi, me te terenga, hua atu waka wahie-pai, a na i runga i. D.

I roto i te mehua macroeconomic tuatahi ngā te huringa āta o te hanganga o te kohi o hau, waro, me te hinu ki te tirohanga ki te whakanui ake i te wahi o ngā rauemi pūngao kē, me te whakahou.

Hei whakaoti pai nga raruraru pūngao o te taata he e tika ana ki te utu i tokanga makehe ki te whanaketanga me te whakatinanatanga o ngā hangarau auaha e wātea ana i te wā nei o te revolution pūtaiao, me te hangarau.

pūngao karihi

Ko tētahi o nga tohutohu tino whaihua i roto i te mara o te pūngao, ko te pūngao karihi. I roto i te tahi mau whenua whakawhanakehia kua hoatu kē ki te mahi i te whakatupuranga hou o reactors karihi. kaipūtaiao Nuclear inaianei ano kaha kōrero reactors kaupapa whakahaere i runga i neurons nohopuku e, rite kotahi mahara ki te riro i te poipoi hou, me te nui atu whai hua o te mana karihi. Heoi, kua ratou whanaketanga i mutu, engari inaianei riro tenei take kua wā ano.

Ko te whakamahi o generators MHD

faafariuraa Direct o te wera ki te hiko, kahore nga kohua i steam me kapohau tukua hoki generators magnetohydrodynamic. timata te whanaketanga o tenei au te fafau i roto i te tīmatanga o 70-doma o te rau tau whakamutunga. I te 1971 i hanga e ia i roto i Moscow te tīmatanga-ake tuatahi o te kaha paerata MHD o 25,000 Kw.

Ko te painga matua o generators MHD he:

• pai tiketike;
• fakakaume'a taiao (kahore tukunga kino ki te kōhauhau);
• tīmatanga tonu.

cryogenic matangirua-generator

Ko te parau tumu o te mahi o te generator cryogenic takoto i roto i te meka i te matao o te rotor e haumāmā wai, ai whiwhi i te pānga te wharetīoke. Ko nga painga mâro-o tenei mīhini ngā pai tiketike, taimaha iti me ngā āhuatanga.

I hanga tauira whakamātau-ahumahi o te cryogenic matangirua-generator i roto i te wā Soviet, a inaianei tango wahi taua whanaketanga i roto i Japan, te United States me ētahi atu whenua whakawhanakehia.

hauwai

Mā te hauwai rite te wahie he opuaraa nui. E ai ki ngā tohunga maha, ka āwhina i tenei hangarau ki te whakaoti i te raruraru nui o te taata nei lobal - pūngao me ngā rauemi raw raruraru. Tuatahi o te katoa, te wahie hauwai ko te rauemi pūngao tūturu rerekē i roto i te ahumahi engineering. Ko te tuatahi motokā i runga i te hauwai i hanga e te kamupene Japanese "Mazda" i roto i te 90 wawe ', kua te pūkaha hou kua hangaia hoki a ia. whakamatauria te whakamātau ki te kia tino angitu, te whakau i te pūmanawa o tenei aronga.

generators iahiko

Tenei pūtau wahie, e mahi hoki i runga i te hauwai. haere Fuel te roto i te membrane polymeric ki te kaihoko motuhake - whakakōkī. Ka rite ki te hua o te tauhohenga matū ki te hāora, e tahuri hauwai iho ki te wai, te tuku i te pūngao matū i parariraa, kua tahuri nei ki te hiko.

Engines ki ngā pūtau wahie rerekē pai maximally nui (i runga i 70%), i te mea rua roa atu i te tipu te mana tikanga. I tua atu ki taua, e ngāwari ki te whakamahi, mahi ata me te undemanding ki te hanga ratou.

More tata, ngā pūtau wahie i te hōkai kuiti o tono, mo te tauira i roto i te rangahau wāhi. Ko tenei e kaha whakahaere te mahi i runga i te whakatinanatanga o generators iahiko i roto i te whenua tino ōhanga whakawhanakehia, te tuatahi i roto i nei, ko te Japan. Ko te katoa te kaha o enei wae i roto i te ao whanganga i roto i mirioni o kWh. Hei tauira, i roto i New York, a Tokyo e kua i roto i te mana i runga i ngā āhuatanga pērā i te automaker Tiamana "Daimler-Benz" i te tuatahi ki te waihanga i tētahi tauira mahi o te motokā ki te pūkaha mahi rite ki tenei parau tumu.

Mana hononga karihi

No te tekau tau, whakahaere i te mara o te rangahau hononga pūngao. I te matua o te pūngao karihi ko te tauhohenga o te whakangotangota me hononga karihi te hāngai i runga i te tukanga whakamuri - te karihi o kanoirite hauwai (Deuterium, tritium) hanumi. Ko te tukanga o te Deuterium karihi mura 1 kg rahinga o te pūngao tukua i roto i nui 10 miriona ngā wā e o whiwhi i te waro. Ko pono mīharo te hua! Ko whakaaro he aha te te pūngao hononga tetahi o nga wāhi tino whaihua i roto i te whakatutuki i te kaimahi pūngao ao.

matapae

I teie mahana, i reira e ngā wheako mō te whanaketanga o te āhuatanga i roto i te rāngai pūngao ao i roto i te heke mai. E ai ki etahi o ratou, e 2060 te kohi ao o te hinu hua ōrite ki te 20 piriona taranata. I roto i tenei take, i roto i ngā o te kohi i tēnei wā, ka mau ia whakawhanakehia whenua whakawhanake.

Na roto i te waenganui o te rautau 21 kia tino whakaiti i te nui o pōhatu pūngao, engari ka nui ake i te wahi o te whakahou, rawa hau, solar, waiariki, me ngā puna pūngao tai.