Rawa te hanganga me te mahi o kiriuhi pūtau

I te 1972 ka hoatu mua ia te ariā e te membrane wāhanga permeable e karapoti ana i te pūtau, me te mahi i te maha o ngā mahi faufaa, me te hanganga, me te mahi o kiriuhi pūtau e tino take e pā ana ki te mahi tika o ngā pūtau katoa i roto i te tinana. Cell ariā ka whānui i roto i te rau tau 17, me te tenenga o te karu. Kei te ako te reira e e tito o ngā pūtau te tipu me te kararehe te kopa, engari e tika ana ki te iti taumira o te pūrere ko e taea ki te kite i tetahi tauārai huri noa ngā pūtau kararehe. I roto i te rau tau 20, whakawakia te āhua matū o te membrane i roto i te kōrero atu, i kitea ai e tona pūtake ko te lipids.

Hanganga me te mahi o kiriuhi pūtau

karapoti te kiriuhi pūtau te cytoplasm o ngā pūtau ora, me te wehe i te pae tino wāhanga intracellular i te taiao o waho. whai hoki harore, huakita me ngā tipu taiepa pūtau e tiaki, me te ārai i te wahi o rāpoi nui. tākaro kiriuhi pūtau hoki he wāhi i roto i te hanganga o te cytoskeleton me te piri ki te kopu wahopūtau atu matūriki faufaa. Ko te tika tenei i roto i te tikanga ki te pupuri i tahi ratou ki te hanga i te kopa, i nga okana. Āhuatanga o te hanganga membrane pūtau ngā uruhanga. Ko te mahi matua, ko te ki te tiaki. Kei te membrane o te paparanga phospholipid ki pūmua tāmau. whai wāhi ana tēnei wāhanga i roto i ngā tukanga, pērā i adhesion pūtau, katote kawe ia me ngā pūnaha kïia, me te kaimahi rite te mata whakapuru mo te maha ngā hanganga wahopūtau, tae atu glycocalyx taiepa, me te cytoskeleton ā. tonu hoki te kiriuhi te pūmanawa o ngā pūtau, mahi rite te tātari whiriwhiri. Ko reira tīpakongia permeable ki ngā katote me rāpoi organic me whakahaere te kaupapa o nga matūriki.

tikanga koiora e pā ana membrane pūtau

1. tūringiringi Passive: etahi matū (rāpoi iti, katote) pērā i te hauhā (CO2) me te hāora (O2), ka taea e ô i te membrane wē i te tūringiringi. Ko te mahi casing rite te arai ki etahi rāpoi me ngā katote, e taea te hāngai ratou i runga i ngā taha e rua.

2. Ko te awa transmembrane pūmua me transporters: kia whiwhi matūkai pērā i te kūhuka amino ranei waikawa, ki te whare herehere, a kia waiho ai etahi hua pūkoro tinana.

3. endocytosis - ko te tukanga i nei e riro rāpoi ngota. hanga deformation iti (intussusception) i roto i te membrane wē, te taonga ki te kia kawea ai, kua horomia. E titau te pūngao tenei, a ko te kupu, ko te ahua o te waka kaha.

4. Exocytosis: puta i roto i ngā pūtau rerekē ki te tango pukupuku matū toenga kawea endocytosis ki te huna matū, pēnei i hormones, whākōkī, me rauemi waka te huarahi katoa i roto i te arai pūtau.

hanganga rāpoi

membrane pūtau - he anga koiora ngā tino o phospholipid me te wehe i te ihirangi o te pūtau katoa i te taiao. Ko te tukanga o te hanganga puta noa i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa. Hei mahino tenei tukanga, me te tika whakaahua i te hanganga me te mahi o kiriuhi pūtau, me te te āhuatanga e tika ana ki te aromatawai i te āhua o te hanganga phospholipid, i te mea huru o te vahiraa hanganga. A, no te tae phospholipids i roto i te taiao wai o te cytoplasm te kukū tino, e ngā ratou ki micelles, e te hunga ake pūmau i roto i te taiao wai.

āhuatanga membrane

• Pūmautanga. Tenei te tikanga e muri i te hanganga o te tiango o te membrane he pea.
• Kaha. Ko te kōpaki lipid pakari nui ki te ārai i te wahi o matū neke, i hanga i roto i te rohe e kore e taea e tika rite solutes (katote, te kūhuka i, waikawa amino), me te rāpoi ngota nui nui (pūmua).
• Ko te āhua hihiri. Ko pea tenei te taonga tino nui, ki te whakaaro tatou ki te hanganga o te pūtau. kia kia kitea te membrane pūtau ki taumahatanga rerekē, a taea te takai ki te whakapiko me te kore e whatiia. I raro i ngā āhuatanga motuhake, pēnei i te hononga o vesicles hua ranei e taea te whakakahore te reira, engari poto anake. I te pāmahana rūma, ko nga wae lipid i tamau, nekehanga papû, hanga he rohe inu eu.

tauira mosaic inu

A paraparau e pā ana ki te hanganga me te mahi o kiriuhi pūtau, he mea nui ki te mōhio e i roto i te whakaaturanga o tenei ra o te membrane rite te tauira mosaic inu, i te uiui e te reira i te taha o pūtaiao i roto i 1972 e Singer me Nicholson. Ratou ariā whakaata āhuatanga matua e toru o te hanganga o te membrane. whai wāhi pūmua kiriuhi wāhi ki te tauira mosaic mo te membrane, a he nehenehe o te kaupapa lateral i roto i te manureva e ratou e tika ana ki te āhua ahua o te whakahaere lipid. He pea pūkoro hoki pūmua Transmembrane. He āhuatanga nui o te hanganga membrane ko tona karawhiti. He aha te mea te hanganga o te pūtau? Te membrane pūtau, karihi, te pūmua, me te pera i runga i. Cell Ko te wae taketake o te ora, me rauropi katoa ngā o tetahi maha ranei pūtau, ia o nei he arai tūturu e wehe ai i te taiao. Kei te karanga a hoki tenei rohe waho o te pūtau te membrane wē. Kei a ia ko ngā momo rerekē e whā o ngā rāpoi ngota: phospholipids, cholesterol, pūmua me te warowaihā. whakaahua ana tauira mosaic inu te hanganga o te membrane pūtau e whai ake: ngāwari, me te rapa, te ōritetanga rite te hinu huawhenua, kia e tika rewa nga rāpoi takitahi katoa i roto i te reo wai, a ka e taea ki te neke rerekë i roto i tenei anga ratou. Mose tohu te tahi mea e Kei roto he maha ngā wāhanga rerekē. I roto i te membrane wē tukua atu phospholipids, rāpoi cholesterol, pūmua me te warowaihā.

phospholipids

Phospholipids kėia te hanganga taketake o te membrane pūtau. Ēnei rāpoi ngota i mutunga e rua rerekē: he upoko me te hiku. Kei te matenga mutunga te rōpū Phosphate me he hydrophilic. tikanga o tēnei e te ngā reira ki rāpoi ngota wai. Kei te hiku o te hauwai me te waro ngota, ka karanga mekameka waikawa ngako. He hydrophobic enei mekameka, e kore ratou e rite ki te uru ki te rāpoi ngota wai. Ko te rite ki te mea e tupu, no te ringihia koutou te hinu ki te wai, te tikanga e kore e tareka te reira i roto i reira tenei tukanga. Āhuatanga o te hanganga membrane pūtau e pā ana ki te bilayer lipid pera-ka karanga, e ngā o phospholipids. E tūnga tonu upoko Phosphate hydrophilic te wahi i reira he wai i roto i te puka o te inu intracellular me wahopūtau. Kua whakaritea nga hiawero e hydrophobic o phospholipids i te membrane i roto i te ara taua e pupuri ana atu i te wai ia ratou.

Cholesterol, pūmua me te warowaihā

Rongo i te kupu "cholesterol", te tikanga whakaaro iwi e ko te reira kino. Otiia i roto i te meka, cholesterol ko te wāhanga nui o kiriuhi pūtau. Kei tōna rāpoi ngota o wha mowhiti o hauwai me te waro ngota. He hydrophobic ratou me e kitea i roto i te hiawero hydrophobic i roto i te lipid rua-apa. Ratou faufaa, ko te ki te mau tonu te ōritetanga, whakaū ratou te membrane, te ārai pūtahitanga. mau hoki rāpoi cholesterol nga hiawero e phospholipid i haere mai ki te whakapā me solidifies. Ka āta whakarite tēnei fluidity me te ngäwari. pūmua membrane i te mahi o whākōkī ki te whakatere ake tauhohe matū, mahi rite receptors mō rāpoi motuhake ranei te matū kawea i roto i te membrane pūtau.

Warowaihā, huka ranei, e kitea anake i te taha wahopūtau o te membrane pūtau. Fakataha hanga e ratou te glycocalyx. E whakarato ana cushioning me te tiaki o te membrane wē. I runga i nga hanganga me ngā momo o te warowaihā i roto i te glycocalyx tinana o ngā pūtau e taea mōhio ana me te whakatau mehemea e hiahia ana ratou ki te hei reira e kore e ranei.

pūmua membrane

Ko te hanganga o te membrane pūtau o te pūtau kararehe he feruri kahore he taua wāhanga nui o te pūmua. Ahakoa tenei, he tino iti iho ki te rahi o te tahi atu wāhanga matua ratou - lipids. E toru ngā momo taketake o pūmua membrane.

• Integral. Ratou hipokina rawa te rua-apa, te cytoplasm me te reo wahopūtau. kawe ratou i te mahi waka, me te kïia.
• Piringa. Pūmua piri ki te membrane mā te whakamahi i hiko, here hauwai ranei i roto i to ratou papa cytoplasmic wahopūtau ranei. whai wāhi rātou i tino rite te putanga tikanga mo pūmua wāhi.
• Transmembrane. mahi ratou enzymatic me kïia e mahi, a te modulate te hanganga taketake o te membrane bi-apa lipid.

Functions o kiriuhi koiora

Ko te pānga hydrophobic i faatere i te whanonga o te pūwaro i te wai, te whakahaere hanganga i hanga e lipids membrane me pūmua membrane. He maha ngā āhuatanga membrane foaki kawe lipid rua-papa, hanga he hanganga turanga mo kiriuhi koiora katoa. Kei te wāhanga pūmua membrane Integral huna i roto i te lipid rua-apa. pūmua Transmembrane i te whakahaere motuhake o waikawa amino i roto i to ratou raupapa tuatahi.

He tino rite ki te wairewa pūmua membrane piringa, engari e hono ana hoki ratou ki te kiriuhi. kiriuhi pūtau motuhake he mahi pūtau motuhake. Ka rite ki te hanganga me te mahi o kiriuhi pūtau i te pānga i runga i te tinana? I pehea ki te hanga kiriuhi koiora tei runga i te whakarite i te taumahinga o te rauropi katoa. Mai i organelles intracellular, wahopūtau me pūtau-pūtau taunekeneke, he tika hoki te whakahaere me te mahi o ngā mahi koiora hanganga membrane. He noa ki te huakita, tokomaha o te hanganga, me te mahi āhuatanga pūtau eukaryotic me huaketo hipoki. kiriuhi koiora katoa hangaia i runga i te lipid rua-apa, e ai te aroaro o te maha o ngā āhuatanga noa. whai pūmua kiriuhi he momo o ngā mahi motuhake.

• Mana. Ko te kiriuhi wē o ngā pūtau tautuhi nga rohe o ngā pūtau ki te taiao.
• Transportation. wehea pūtau membrane Intracellular ki te maha poraka mahi ki hanganga ā rerekē, ia o nei tautoko e te mahi waka e tika ana i roto i te taha ki te uruhanga mana.
• transduction Tohu. whakarato hononga membrane he tikanga mo te whakatūpato vesicular intracellular me te ārai katoa o wheori tomo noa te pūtau.

Uara me whakatau

pānga te hanganga o te membrane waho o te pūtau te tinana katoa. nui te reira i te wāhi nui i roto i te tiaki i te tapatahi, tuku kătahi o ngā rauemi tīpakohia anake. Ko reira ano hoki he turanga pai mo whakatika te cytoskeleton me te taiepa pūtau, e tauturu i roto i te pupuri āhua pūtau. Lipids kėia e pā ana ki te 50% o te papatipu o te membrane o te nuinga o ngā pūtau, ahakoa rerekē tenei i runga i te momo o te membrane rānei. Ko te hanganga o te membrane pūtau waho o kararehe e uaua ake, i reira Kei roto wha phospholipid taketake. He taonga nui o te lipid rua-papa, ko e tikanga ratou rite te wai e rua-ahu i roto i nei e noa ki te takahuri me te neke i roto i ngā ahunga lateral nga rāpoi takitahi. Tenei fluidity - ko te taonga nui o te membrane, takoto nei i runga i te pāmahana me te lipid hanganga rānei tenei. Nā cholesterol pūwaro hanganga mowhiti whai wāhi i roto i te whakatau i te fluidity membrane. uruhanga whiriwhiri o kiriuhi koiora ki rāpoi iti taea te pūtau ki te aroturuki me te mau tonu tona hanganga ā-.

Whakaaro i te hanganga o te pūtau (membrane pūtau, karihi, a na i runga i), tatou e nehenehe e faaoti e te rauropi - ko reira pūnaha whaiaro-ture e-hia e kore e taea e kino ia koe, a ka titiro tonu hoki huarahi ki te whakahokia me te tiaki i te mahi tika o nga pūtau.