TAUIRA kitea tauanga. whakahaere aroturuki tauanga

I roto i te hapori hou, e kore e waiho hei whakahaere o te ōhanga taea kahore tenei pūtaiao nui, pera tatauranga. Tenei ako mō ngā rau tau takaro te tūranga o te taputapu e tika ana me te whai hua i roto i tetahi āhua. A kihai i mea faufaa te reira i te taumata, me te wāhanga o te whanaketanga ōhanga.

Aua raraunga, e kua kohia e tatauranga, a ki tenei ra kei te whakamahia whānuitia reira i te kāwanatanga, rite tohua i runga i te āhuatanga ine o te tītohu papatipu e tīariari i roto i te hapori.

Ko te whakamāramatanga

Ko te kupu "tatauranga" he maha tikanga, me te tokomaha-taha. Ki te rā, i reira e pā ana ki te mano whakamārama rerekē o te wā. Hei tautuhi i te pūtaiao, tatauranga, e ngana ana ki te philosopho e kore anake, engari ano hoki economists, pāngarau, statesmen me sociologists.

Ko te kupu te tino mo tenei ako, mai i te Latino "mana". Whakamaoritia tikanga reira "te tetahi āhua o ngā take." I teie mahana, Heoi, ko te wā "tatauranga" taea te whakamahi i roto i maha tikanga rerekē. Ko ratou:

- ngā mahi Practical kawea atu ki runga ki te kohinga, te tukatuka atu, me te tātari i te raraunga e tohu i te ahurea me te ōhanga, taupori me te mātauranga, me te maha atu ari pāpori;

- kaupapa ngā i roto i te mahere mō te whakangungu o ngā kaiwhakahaere, kaihokohoko me economists matua;

- te pūtaiao e tuatapapa i te taha ine o te ao ngā o te ora tūmatanui.

Ko te kōrero o te ako, me tona whanaketanga

Ko te takenga mai o te tatauranga puta i roto i nga wa onamata. Ahakoa Na, e hiahiatia ana te iwi i roto i nga tātai o te taupori, taonga, whenua, kararehe, a na i runga i. D.

Ko te pūkete tuatahi o enei mahi no ki te BC rau 5. e. i kawea ratou i roto i China. Kaute tangata free i tau, me te ira tangata i whakamana i roto i te Roma i tahito. I roto i te ao tawhito i roto i ngā rārangi motuhake ngā tamariki katoa i whanau. I whakahaere te reira i te record motuhake o te tangata taitama hoki te whawhai tau. rārangi haaputuhia o whenua, ngā raraunga i runga i te hanganga me te pononga, rārangi, me te moni.

I roto i 1061 kawea te tatauranga motu tuatahi i roto i Ingarangi. te uiui ki te kohikohi raraunga e rua rau me te wha tekau mano whatianga. He he mōhiohio e pā ana ki te tatauranga i roto i te rau tau 13. khans maori. Ko te raraunga e hiahiatia ana e ratou mo te kohinga o takoha i nga rohe Russian i whakahoki.

I roto i ngā rau tau i muri tonu tatauranga tona whanaketanga i roto i te rau tau 17. kitea e ahau ona faaiteraa i roto i te ako pūtaiao. Ko tōna turanga e rua nga kura. Ko te tuatahi o ratou - te British tono tauhanga tōrangapū. Ko te kura tuarua - te German, i te mea whai wāhi atu i roto i te whakaahuatanga o tītohu. I roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 19. Kua riro Pūtaiao tona aronga tuatoru - tauanga, me te pāngarau, i whakaarohia e te kairangahau Beletita Adolfom Ketle.

I roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20. tenei ako ko te whakamahi o te ariā tūponotanga. Ko tōna tikanga tukua rangahau oraraa totiare o te tono kiritaki me te kounga hua, me te te paerewa ora o tangata.

rangahau tatauranga Active whakahaere i roto i nga tau o te mana Soviet. tukua ratou ki a koe e kite i te pikitia katoa o te ōhanga ā-motu noho mäharahara ana. kihai i mutu te reira i te mahi o tatauranga me i te whawhai ki a Nasí Germany. I roto i tenei wā, i reira ko he hiahia hoki whenua i roto i te tātai o ngā rauemi rauemi me te mahi. I tua atu, faufaa ngā Ko te kōrero i runga i te kaupapa o te ope hua i roto i te rohe rawhiti.

whakahaere te mahi kaha o te tatauranga i roto i te wā kaumātua, tonu reira i teie mahana. Te kore tenei pūtaiao e kia taea ki te haere tonu te whanaketanga o te ōhanga o te kāwanatanga, me ona ao pāpori katoa.

pūnaha rironga raraunga Organization

wae wāhanga tatauranga e:

- te whakatūnga o te tatauranga kāwanatanga me te terenga;

- tatauranga ōpaki, me te tūmataiti;

- pūrongo tari.

Ko te whakahaere o te mātakitaki tatauranga tīmata ki tari me ngā tari ā-rohe. whakahaeretia ratou mahi e te Komiti Statistical o te Federation. Ratou, i roto i te tahuri, e kaimahi ki te Komiti State Tatauranga Russian.

Kua rite pūrongo tari e hinonga me whakahaere o te mara etahi o mahi. Hei tauira, nga tatauranga o te tahatika, tikanga, me te pera i runga i. D.

rangahau hua

Federal kitea Statistical ngā:

- te tohu taumata macroeconomic;

- raraunga ahumahi;

- Tatauranga o paerewa ora me ngā ratonga pāpori;

- faaauraa ao, me te ā-rohe.

E whakaputaina ēnei tirohanga tauanga i te puka o kaupapa kaupapa here me Compilations, ngā mōhiohio faaite me ngā tohu.

Ngā wāhanga o te rangahau tauanga

E tū kohinga me te rēhita o te taunakitanga o tetahi poi o te ora tūmatanui i roto i te tauira etahi. He wāhanga rerekē o te mātakitaki tauanga. Na whakamahia ia o ratou ratou ake tikanga.

Ko te wahi e tatou tīmata aroturuki tauanga? whiwhi Tatauranga ki te mahi anake i muri rawa mārama whakatakoto tenei e raruraru ranei. Kei te takoto te reira na roto i te tango ki pūkete nga whāinga o te ako me te ariā o te mōhiohio e kia torotoro.

kore e taea e haere tonu kaupae aroturuki tauanga kahore tuatahi ako mahi hangarau. unu tēnei tuhinga e ake e te kiritaki mō te rangahau ake nei. Ka ngā Ko ngā whakataunga:

- te taonga i raro i ako;

- ngā whakapae me ngā whakapae e rapu utu haamauraa refutation ranei;

- te akoranga o te ako;

- te wā o te mātakitaki.

I runga i te pūtake o te kaupapa hangarau hipokina te whanaketanga o te hanganga heke mai o te pūrongo tātari, me te te hōtaka o rangahau tauanga, i te mea he rārangi o ngā huanga o nga taonga e hiahia ana koe ki te rēhita, ranei ngā pātai e kia whiwhi whakautu pono. He tauira o te hōtaka pērā taea te mahi kia rite ki pūkete whakamahia mo te tatauranga.

I te taahiraa i muri, ko te ki te kohikohi mōhiohio. puaki hoki tona tikanga o te hōtaka o rangahau tauanga. huinga i muri o te raraunga haaputuhia whiwhi, ka hanga ki te rōpū a ratou kia rite ki ngā paearu. Anake i muri i nga raraunga riro katoa ki te kia tātarihia. Ko tenei te wā i muri o ngā kitenga tauanga, te whakamahi i te kuputohu, ngā uara toharite, me te whanaunga, a na i runga i. puta i D. tuhi ake he pūrongo, me te kia wātea ai ki te kiritaki.

kia whanau te reira i roto i te ngakau e te whakaritea te kitea tauanga, kohinga raraunga pūtaiao, te nuinga whakatau te mana o te kitenga i roto i te wā whakamutunga. Ko Ko te aha whiwhi te mōhiohio tūturu - te mahi matua o Tatauranga.

kohinga raraunga

Ko te kōrero e hiahiatia ana mo te tūhuratanga, kia kia tuatahi tuarua ranei. Ko te ahua tuatahi o te raraunga e te hunga e kore e wātea i i te wa o te take o ngā hangarau. Ko kua wātea ana ngā mōhiohio Tuarua. I whiwhi te reira i mua i te raveraa i te tahi atu mahi.

TAUIRA kohinga raraunga tauanga kitea tuatahi - he rangahau o te tūroro hōhipera hauora, kōrero o raruraru motuhake i roto i te hui, te fariiraa i whakautu i ngā manuhiri ki te toa, aha ...

Production o ngā mōhiohio tuarua i huaina ētahi wā ko te "puna" ranei "tēpu". A mo to ratou kohinga kia whai wāhi, e rua ngā puna roto, o waho. I roto i te mea e takoto te rerekētanga i waenganui i a ratou?

TAUIRA kitea tauanga mā te whakamahi i matatiki tuarua ā tenei tono:

- te whakahaere o te pūnaha mōhiohio;

- Raraunga o rangahau o mua;

- pūrongo ngā kaimahi i tuhituhia.

raraunga tuarua waho whiwhi i:

- pokapū pūrongo tauanga;

- pātengi raraunga hiko;

- pāpāho;

- rōpū ngaio, pūrongo, ngā pokapū hokohoko, etc ...

Methods mō te kohinga raraunga

Pehea, Na, i hanga te rēhita tuatahi o te mōhiohio e tika ana mō te rangahau? He nga tikanga e whai ake nei o te kitea tauanga: te tika, me te tuhinga, rangahau me te whakamātau.

tū te tuatahi o enei te i te rēhita o etahi meka e te kairangahau. He tauira o te mātakitaki tika ko ki ako i te kaha rere waka porotiti rawa tāuta.

Tikanga kohinga mōhiohio pakipūmeka tikanga e te mahi ki te kāri rārangi, rangitaki kaute me te t. D.

Tenei rangahau tauanga rite te rangahau, ko te ki te farii i ngā mōhiohio i te kupu o te kaiurupare tīpakohia. rereke matou i waenganui i pane:

- pätai i reira te kaiurupare i tuhituhia whakautu ki ngā pātai;

- kaituhi, i roto i nei etahi atu mōhiohio e whakaratohia ana e te kaituhi tūao ranei;

- waha ina e ako porotiti me tuhia i roto i te puka whakautu ā-waha tangata.

Ngā tata puta a kua kitea kua momo whānui o pāhekoheko momo o uiui. He tauira o tenei ko nga whakautu o ngā i te waea, Internet ī-mēra ranei.

puka kohinga Raraunga

kia whai i te pūtake pūtaiao tikanga e kitea te tauanga. Hē ka kitea te mahi whakaritea te ako ki te kore. Ka hanga hapa kitea tauanga nga kaupae muri pūrongo taea. Me whanau tenei i roto i te ngakau. I muri i te katoa, mo te whakahoki tika ki nui enei pātai ki te whakaaro i tūhuratia he fakakātoa 'o te ari.

I roto i Russia, i reira e rua ngā o te mātakitaki tauanga hānga. Ko te tuatahi kei te te pūrongo ano. Te reira i te nuinga whakamahi i te tatauranga ōhanga motu. Kei te rawa whakaritea te puka tuarua kitea. kitea e te reira i ona tono i roto i te tātari o te tukanga me te ari.

He tauira o ngā kitenga tauanga i runga i te puka tuatahi - he ki te whiwhi tauākī kei roto i te mōhiohio e tika ana i ngā rōpū takitahi, hinonga, pūtahi, me ētahi atu e hāngai ana te mōhiohio katoa tuku i runga i ngā raraunga kaute me ngā pūkete whakahaere o hinonga ... Ka taea te kohia peheé mōhiohio mō te wā rerekē o te wā, me te kia i roto i rā, tekau-ra, marama, ia toru marama, tauākī pūtea āhua-ā-tau ā-tau ranei.

whakahaere State kitea tauanga te me tuarua te puka. Ko te tika ki te whānui o te rangahau e whakatutuki āhuatanga ngā o te ora pāpori me te ari tūturu whānui tenei. e kore e taea te whiwhi taua raraunga i te kamupene pūrongo. He tauira a Tūrongo o te taua puka kitea tauanga - Tatauranga. mau Practical Tatauranga Russia ona rauemi whanaunga tinana, taupori, taputapu wetetāuta, whakatokanga hoki te koiora, hanga i roto i te ahunga whakamua, me pera i runga i. D.

taputapu whakamahia

hāngai ana mahi katoa mo te kitea tauanga i runga i puka motuhake. Ko te taputapu rangahau tuatahi tenei. Ko te tuarua - te tohutohu e pā ana mō te whakakī i nga puka me ngā pūrongo e hiahiatia ana.

Taua taputapu tatauranga aroturuki rite puka me te ko te uiui, te uiui, me te t. D. enei puka tāngia take e kua mangai e te kiritaki i roto i te Reference Hangarau. I roto i E hanga enei puka, me te mōhiohio i kohia katoa. Nahea te puka taua? I roto i tona wahi o runga i reira e wehe āhuatanga. Ko te maui o ia whārangi kei pātai o ngā kitenga tatauranga, a ki runga ki te matau - he wahi mo te whakautu ki a ratou.

E rua ngā momo o momo o te mātakitaki. Ko te tuatahi o ratou - he kāri. Ko te tikanga te reira ki te whakaahua kotahi anake o te ahanoa o te mātakitaki. Ko te momo tuarua o puka - te pūtea moni. ka kakahu te reira i aroturuki i ngā maha.

Ko kahore he mea pehea āta te hōtaka, me te puka, e kore e taea te kawea te kitea tauanga e hānga ana i roto i kahore tohutohu kua whakawhanakehia kua. Kei tēnei tuhinga nga whakamārama katoa o ngā hangarau, me te whakarato tauira me te arata'iraa motuhake i runga i ngā take e pā ana. Guide Ko te puka motuhake tāngia tika ki te puka pātea ranei.

Ngā momo o ngā kitenga tauanga

Ko faufaa hoki te otinga angitu o te raruraru te kōwhiringa tika o tikanga ki te kohikohi i te mōhiohio e tika ana. He maha ngā momo o rangahau tauanga, e rerekē i roto i te wa, me te kapinga wae tahi.

Ko te kupu, kia kohia ngā mōhiohio ai tonu, rite te tīmatanga tupu ranei o te āhuatanga. He nāianei ēnei kitenga tauanga. kua kawea ratou i roto i te whakamahi i te tuhinga tuatahi e roto i te mōhiohio e tika ana. He tauira o tenei tikanga e taea e te kairēhita. hopoi mai huihui tenei tinana mōhiohio katoa i runga i ngā rerekētanga mo te taupori. I runga i te pūtake o mahi o mana tivira e taea te ako i runga i fanauraa e te poheraa, te mau faaipoiporaa, me te pera i runga i. D.

E te take wa mavahe te me te mātakitaki tauanga wā. Te whakapau i te reira i wā auau. He tauira o tenei kitea - te tatauranga, me te te faaotiraa o te taumata utu o nga hua whatunga hokohoko hokohoko.

Ka taea te kawea rangahau tauanga i roto i te wa ki te wa, kahore tetahi periodicity. I roto i tenei take, kua karangatia e ratou kore-auau. He tauira o taua kitenga kia he tetahi-wā ngā rōpū kaute whakaari whakaritea e ngā ākonga.

Ka taea te rerekëtanga raraunga tauanga ki te tae tahi wae. I runga i tenei kaupapa tohatoha titiro tonu. Te reira i te tuatahi arotahi i runga i te rēhita o te āhuatanga o te tau nui o ngā wae. Tenei tikanga taea ki tetahi whiwhi mōhiohio pono e pā ana ki te ako i te ahanoa. He tauira o te kitea tonu ko te tatauranga.

Kia ngohengohe ki te tirohanga, me te tahi nga wae takitahi. I roto i te take i taua, ka motu mātakitaki tauanga. I roto i te tahuri, kua wehea ai ki te momoroto e whai ake nei:

- he tauira e tohu i te wahi kōwhiringa taupori ūnga (hei tauira te rangahau whakaaro iwi whānui);

- te ngohi matua ka te uiui e wahi o nga wae taupori, ko tona whai ki te hui ako ko te nui rawa (tauira - te ako o te āhuatanga o tāone i roto i te pa);

- rangahau monographic, ka reira he huihui kotahi anake wae i roto i te taipitopito (hei tauira, ko te hapu i roto i te ako pūtea-mua).

He aha te momo o te aroturuki , ko te atu pai? Ka rite ki te rangahau tonu, me te kore-tonu he ona ake huapai me ngā huakore. Ratou a kia tango ki pūkete ka kōwhiri i te tikanga tauanga.

Ko te kupu, te aroturuki tonu:

- te whakawhetai ki te whakauru o ngā waeine katoa i roto i te taupori whakarato te raraunga tika tino;

- e te reira te wa nui me te titau atu pūtea;

- e kore e taea e ki te taupoki ana i te āhuatanga katoa o te taupori i homai tonu;

- āhuatanga o te hua o te tukatuka roanga e kia pā i te hāngaitanga o te kitenga.

Ko te kitea kore-tonu, te reira:

- mōrearea hoki o te ako hē tapae he fakakātoa ';

- te kaha ki te mahue i etahi āhuatanga faufaa, e titauhia i te hapa o te mātakitaki tauanga.

riro mōhiohio mana

I te tahi taime i roto i te raraunga whakamātautau, i reira e te tahi mau hapanga i waenganui i te tūturu me te uara tata o te taurangi ako. kia waiho he hapa tenei:

1. Rēhitatanga. Ko tēnei hē o te mōhiohio wāhi aroturuki (i roto i nuinga o te wā e utua ratou atu). Hei tauira, he pepa o te pene i roto i te faaineineraa o ngā tuhinga ki te tari rēhita.
2. Representativeness. Ēnei hapa puta kua ka i roto i kua riro te rangahau tonu wahi e tohu ana i te kino katoa.
3. Random. Ko te hapa e puta i raro i te mana o te rohirohi, inattention, me ētahi atu āhuatanga tenei. Hei tauira, te tuhi hē lekooti-kaitiaki.
4. Nahanaha. Peheé hapa arahi ki te underestimation overestimation ranei o nga tawhā ako. Hei tauira, whakaawhiwhi uara mutu i roto i 0 5 ranei.

Hei whakahaere i nga hapa e rua ngā tikanga e whakamahia ana i roto i te tatauranga. Ko te tuatahi o ratou - arorau. whai wāhi te reira i te whakamahi o te mekameka o te whanaungatanga-kounga tiketike. Hei tauira, he tamaiti 8 tau e kore e taea e ana tamariki.

Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i ngā tatauranga, me ngā tohu mana tauhanga. whakamahi te reira i te hononga ine i waenga i te uara. Tauira: Tatau = kiia 4 3 - Tatau 1 + Count 2.