Tauira o mihini o momo rerekē. tauira Original o te hoahoanga hou

whakawhanakehia World hoahoanga i raro i nga ture o te hahi tino. titiro rawa tano Residential whare tivira, i patua te whare tona kororia. I roto i te anotau Middle i te hahi nui tikanga e nga minita teitei riro i te kāwanatanga, i roto i te tua, takoha o te iwi e haere mai ana ki te takotoranga moni hahi. Ki tenei moni, hanga me hahi i katoa i runga i Russia. nui ki te kia hiahiatia mahue tauira o hoahoanga ā o taua wa. Heoi, mai i te rau tau 18, ke radically te āhuatanga. i hanga Churches me cathedrals kua kahore papai faufaa, engari nga whenua u, whare whenua o te kingi, me te ara whare i roto i ngā wāhi hopu pai tino tāpiri ki te whakamahine me te ataahua. whare Kāhua, kua tonu ake te hoahoanga o whare, ara, me tapawhā. whakaaro Architects te iwi tino.

kāhua Gothic wawe

tauira Unique o te hoahoanga tawhito - he karakia, i hanga nei e i waenganui i te rau tau 12 i roto i te rohe o te raki o France. hanga te karakia Gothic nui i roto i Amiens, i roto i te 1220. I muri mai i te karakia Gothic taua hanga i roto i te pa Tiamana o Cologne, oti tona hanganga i roto i 1248.

I roto i te whakarara ki te Gothic i roto i te 12 - senituli 14 whakawhanakehia me te hoahoanga Romana i roto i nga ake Middle. kaihoahoa Italian ki te hanga i te whare ki te taiepa matotoru maere, he pai rite te pa te whare. Tauira o te hoahoanga Romana - he hanga Ahakoa pa kaha hōia. Ko te taumata tohanga raro kua tino kaha, faufaa, ngā rua o papa o pourewa me taumaihi, a taka me te tapawhā i roto i te mahere, nui, me te iti. Ko nga pourewa katoa kuiti, matapihi tiketike, āhua rite taumaihi. hoahoanga Romana i roto i te anotau Middle ki runga ki tona wa. hapu e whawhai jousting hiahiatia e kore i taea e pai hāngai mō te tiaki tōtika i te marau o te hoariri, me te pa taiepa pa whānau mō tenei whakaaro.

hoahoanga tawhito

I roto i nga wa onamata, utua he rota o te whakarongo i ki te hanganga o ngā whare tūmatanui. he whare rahi hangaia mo te whakahaere o whakaaturanga papatipu enei. forum Roma, hangaia hoki tekau o nga mano o mataitai, te agora Kariki onamata, ko te wāhi tuwhera nui tonu i te iwi i runga i te rā, kaimahi me kaihokohoko. Ko tino rerekē i te Roma, tuatahi o te katoa te hoahoanga o Ihipa tahito, e kore nga Ihipiana huihui te mano o nga mano i roto i te wahi kotahi. hutia hītori Ihipiana i roto i te BC rau 15, ka ko te hoahoanga o te āhua herenga. i hangaia whare o pākeho me whero uku. Mō i mohiotia momo kahore ki nga Ihipiana i tahito kihai i āwangawanga e pā ana ki styling ratou whare, me pehea ki te hanga whare teitei ki te karo i te waipuke i te waipuke o te awa.

mana mau

Ko te hoahoanga o te Kariki onamata ko hoki te wahi tino arotahi i runga i te hanga o te whare temepara, etahi o nei i tae to matou wa. Ina e ka reira momo hoahoanga rave rahi kitea:

• Doric - Āhuatanga te kuware, puka kaha, ara etahi o ratou taimaha-handedness. He pou Doric i runga i te putorino mata, ngā awaawa hohonu, te whakawhānui i te turanga o raro ki te pane. Ko te rārangi whakapae i runga i Doric - tenei matapihi, e hono te tīwae ki te taumata o te takatātai, whakawhānui runga tāhei arā, o rua ngā papa - triglyphs me metopes. Katoa puka entablement ngatahi nei surmounts gezimsom, cornice ki nui protrusion waho.

• raupapa katote - whakaritea ki te hohonu Doric hanganga rerekē ngāwari. Ko te tohu matua o no ki te raupapa Ionic ko te whakapaipai o nga curls volute rua tīwae-āhua hāngai iho. whakaaro kia katote ko te kāhua wahine hoahoanga, pera para ia, ka tapiritia whakapaipai. He ko te tikanga i roto i te VI rautau BC, i Ionia, i runga i te rohe raki o te Moana 'Īsiní. He rau tau i muri mai, horahia ana e ia puta noa i Kariki onamata. Te whare matua i roto i te kāhua Ionic - ko reira he whare o te atua Hera i te motu o Torokiriuma, hanga i roto i te 570 TLM, a ka hohoro whakangaromia e te ru. Na te whare tino huatau i roto i te raupapa Ionic ko te temepara o Riana i Epeha - tetahi o te "whakamiharo whitu o te Ao."

• tikanga Korinetia - te tino tata, rerekē i ētahi atu whakapaipai motuhake. Tīwae i roto i te whakapakoko, me te entablature rite tohu o te tikanga Ionic, engari he tino rerekē te takatātai me te whakapaipai. kāhua Kolinitō 'tonu o whakapaipai, ona whakapaipai hakari hoahoa Floral i runga i te paenga e rua rarangi o rau acanthus. e kopare hoki Capital tokomaha volyutok rengarenga.

"Palladianstva"

i tohua Early rau tau 18 i te putanga o te au hou i roto i te ahurea te ao - Classicism. āhua auau, mārama ngä me hanganga - enei ko nga paearu matua o Classicism hoahoanga. He whai pono o te kāhua tahito o te hoahoanga whare, te Palladio ariki Venetian ki te ākonga Scamozzi tuturu tona ariā o Classicism tahito. Kua karangatia e te parau haapiiraa "palladianstva" a ka whakamahia whānuitia i roto i te hanga o nga whare tūmataiti. Kāhua "Classicism" i roto i te hoahoanga whakamatauria ki te kia hangarau matatau me te i roto i ngā o te hoahoa me te hanganga o ngā whare ratarata-kaiwhakamahi.

Sunset hoahoanga "Baroque"

Ka rite ki tahuri reira i roto i, te utu o te whare whakaturia i roto i te kāhua hou, ko tino raro. rerekē Buildings haapoto noa, "cream whiu" Late mea Baroque o te mua, me tona hanganga Classicism-axial hangarite me te he whitiki rangatira o te whakapaipai e whiwhi pā. i rite ki te whakarere i te Baroque me Rococo i manakohia o te Whare connoisseurs Pākehā o masterpieces hoahoanga, me ngā kōrero o mātauranga, pakari me te huatau Classicism.

Wä, hanga e rave rahi whare i raro i te aronga o Andrea Palladio, te rongonui tino o nei ko te whare o "Rotonda" e tata ana Vicenza. Kāhua "Classicism" hohoro riro rongonui i roto i te hoahoanga. Kei te mooni waipuke Paris ki te hanga. I raro i Louis whakaarahia XV complexes hoahoanga katoa, pēnei i te Concorde. A i roto i te kingitanga o Louis XVI "Classicism laconic" kua riro te reira i te au nui i roto i te hoahoanga tāone. I muri i te mahia o te Kingi French me te hurihanga o te arikitanga i roto i 1793 i roto i te Paris mo te wa roa i hanga ake matapōkeretia me maiorooro te.

Ko te kāhua hoahoanga o te Empire

I roto i timata te mutunga o te rau tau Classicism 18 ki te peka, e hiahiatia ana whakahoutanga o te ahurea katoa i roto i te whānui me te hoahoanga rite ona wahi wae.

I roto i te wahi o te Classicism ka haere mai te kāhua hou i roto i te toi me te hoahoanga, ka karanga Empire, i ahu a i whakawhanakehia i roto i France, i roto i te kingitanga o Napoleon I. i tika i roto i te kore ona wahi iti ki take tōrangapū te putanga o te au hou. tamata te Kāwanatanga o Napoleon Bonaparte ki tangohia ona ake pera-ka karanga "emepaea" kāhua o hoahoanga, ka ka te reira mārama e te haere mai Classicism ki te tata. Kia pehea te hāngai nui, me te nunui Empire me ētahi atu momo katoa o 19 hoahoanga rautau maitai ki te agglomerates whare, engari kei runga i te "kingi" aronga tonu te aronga.

I roto i te hoahoanga Russian Empire puta i roto i te kingitanga o Alexander ahau, e mateaki ki te ahurea Wīwī, a whakaaro pai o reira o hae. No miharo karangatia kaihoahoa te kingi i France, Auguste Montferrand, mo te hanga o te Cathedral rongonui o St. Ihaka. Kāhua i roto i te hoahoanga - te Empire - kihai i kākahu i roto i tona puka, i wehea ai ki te St Petersburg ko Moscow, a roa noa te rau tau pokapū o-19. I tua atu ki te Cathedral o St. Ihaka, hanga i roto i te 1858, i roto i St Petersburg reira he tetahi faahiahia i roto i te kāhua "kingi" Ko te Kazan Cathedral Andrei Voronikhin, a i roto i Moscow "hanahana Arch". kāhua Russian i roto i te hoahoanga Empire - he wā e toru tekau-tau, te hanga o masterpieces tūturu.

wae hoahoanga o St. Petersburg

Ko tētahi o nga pa tino nui i roto i te ao o te auraa hoahoanga ko te pa o St Petersburg, te Northern Capital o Russia. Nā ki te tonu o te Pākehā wheako whakamahere tāone Russian, me te Western i roto i te XVIII - XIX tenetere, i St Petersburg, i whakapumautia he tokamāhurehure ahurei. māngai te pa e rima rerekē momo hoahoanga, polyphony tahi nei hanga he pikitia ahurei o te huinga o te maha wā hītori ki tetahi. e kore te mārama tohua nga rohe o nga taima, "te peroo", engari he reira nga tohu katoa o te mua.

Petersburg hoahoanga ngā waru ngā wāhi e te hunga tino:

• Baroque "Pita", te timatanga o te rau tau 18;
• Baroque "Elizabeth", te waenganui o te rau tau 18;
• Gothic, te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau 18;
• Classicism, te mutunga o te rau tau 18;
• Russian Empire, te tīmatanga o te rau tau 19;
• Renaissance, te waenganui o te rau tau 19;
• tūmōmō, te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau 19;
• Art Nouveau, wawe senituli hono 20;

Baroque o Pita - he ului Italian me Wīwī Baroque. I pōwhiritia maha ngā kāhua toi e Pita ahau me tona tira. Heoi, ko te wa hoki e te tino pokea ana a Baroque, ko pehi, maha pakanga mongamonga taonga. Construction o whare hou underfinanced, a i reira i te pānga i runga i to ratou kounga. whakaritea te kāhua Baroque i anake i runga i nga facades, tohu nga āhuatanga matua o te ngā hoahoanga: te pediments, pou ki volutes, nga tira i runga i te tuanui. i unu nga wanihi i runga i te pūtake o te huinga, i te reira tino whakaiti te utu o te hanga. nuinga Petrine Baroque i St Petersburg i 1703 ki te 1740, i muri i te matenga o te emepera i roto i 1725 Mahi i raro i te kirimana ki peka kaihoahoa Pākehā, engari tonu te mahi mo tetahi 15 tau.

Ko wai kake te torona i roto i 1741 rapu i te tamahine a Pita e ahau Elizabeth ki whakakotahi mana, i roto i te tua, ko ia he tangata ke ki papai, kororia, hakari papai me pōro. ka te hoahoanga o te whaanui haere te taone i roto i te kingitanga o Elizabeth pomposity te haape'ape'ai te me pretentiousness, kia e whakatika iho kāhua "Baroque Erihāpeti". Ko te kaihoahoa matua o te wa, ko Bartolomeo Rastrelli, hanga nei kua he faahiahia o hoahoanga o faufaa ao - te Winter Palace, kei roto i te whare Square, e te mohiotia ano te "Hermitage" rite te whare taonga.

Rārangi o hoahoanga, whakaturia i roto i te kingitanga o Elizabeth te Baroque:

• Anichkov Palace (1741 - 1753).
• Summer Dvorets Elizavety (1741 - 1744), e kore kua ora taua.
• Grand Peterhof Palace (1745 - 1762).
• Ekateringofsky Palace (1747 - 1750), e kore kua ora taua.
• Smolny Cathedral, hanga i roto i te St Petersburg (1748 - 1754).
• Vorontsov Palace, St Petersburg (1749 - 1757).
• Haere Palace i runga i te Central Slingshot (1751 - 1754), e kore kua ora taua.
• Te Catherine Palace i Tsarskoye selo (1752 - 1758).
• Stroganov Palace, Nevsky Prospect (1753 - 1754).
• Nicholas-Ihowā te Naval Cathedral (1753 - 1762).
• Whare Shuvalov i runga i te huarahi Italian (1753 - 1755).
• Winter Palace (1754 - 1762).
• Mansion Yakovleva (1762 - 1766), e kore kua ora taua.

Gothic i St. Petersburg

Ko te pa i runga i te Neva ko tetahi o nga pa tino ahurei i roto i te ao nei i roto i te mea na kanorau te ahurea. puta hoahoanga Gothic i roto i St Petersburg i 1777, ko reira Chesma Palace ko Chesma Ekalesia. Ko te take ki te "Baroque o Pita" Ka rite, e kore e whakatau tino enei hanganga te kāhua. Gothic huānga mahi hei taputapu waho - facades, haurangi, pourewa maha, tira teitei. Amo hanganga o ngā whare i mahi te whakamahi i te kaupapa māmā. I roto i te meka, ko reira tupurangi, Heoi i roto i te rau tau 19 he maha nui o hahi, me whare fakamāmaní i hanga.

Kua whakawhanakehia te kāhua hoahoanga o "Classicism" kua i roto i te wā i 1760 ki te tau 1780. i rite hoki te huringa Petersburg i te wa. Building, hanga i roto i te kāhua puāwaitanga, uru maitai ki te whenua tāone. I roto i te whare tino nui ko te whai ake:

• "Imperial Academy o Fine Arts", hanga i runga i te moutere o Vasilevsky i 1764 -1788 tau.
• Yusupov Palace (1771-1773).
• Ko te Iri Gardens o te Iti Hermitage (1764-1775).
• Ekalesia Armenian (1771-1776).
• Palace Marble (1768-1785)
• Tauride Palace (1783-1789).
• Mining Institute o te Empress Katherine (1806-1808).

Classicism ko te matamua o te toro St Petersburg o te Russian Empire. Kua puta te huringa o te aronga hia. I ko te kāhua hoahoanga o te Empire i te tono i roto i France hei wāhanga o te huringa tere tango wahi i roto i te whenua. kitea te reira i te taumu'a o Napoleon, a meinga ana ia hei tohu o te ora hou mo te French. He Russian Empire whakakapi te Classicism, kahore atu. Petersburg hoahoanga whakawhanakehia e ona ture ake. He nui te pānga i runga i tona hanganga i te ahurea French.

Architecture & Photography

Construction o noho me te sacral, whare e kikī me hahi, whare herehere, me te tari i te kāinga. Tetahi hanganga i te mea e hāngai ana ki te ora tūmatanui i ki te whai ngā āhuatanga hoahoanga. hanga etahi o nga whare i roto i runga tino ki te rerehua o te ture hanga, maha whakahaere te kaihoahoa ki te whakatutuki i ngā hua whakamīharo. i whakatupu te masterpieces o toi hoahoanga, no te mea kihai i ano tīariari whakaahua. puta Photo toi ka anga ki te whakawhanake anake i roto i te hawhe tuatahi o te rau tau 19. Heoi, e kore tonu e taea ki te whakakapi i te whakapakoko i roto i te whakaahua. Architecture - Ko nga wa katoa he pikitia pai matatini, me maha atarangi me pepe, me te noa kihai i hoatu e ratou te daguerreotype, i runga i te pereti e tango anake wahi flat ki takiwa mohio. Na tonu te toi ki te utu.

Ko nga tau haere, ake pikitia, a ka haere mai te kau, ka hanga i tetahi whare e taea ki te whakaahuatia. Architecture, aronui kapi, he "music tio", me he tokomaha e hiahia ana i te waiata rongoa i runga i te mahara i roto i te puka o ngā pikitia. fai iwi ki te papamuri o ratou ake kāinga e ngana ana ki te haere atu whakatata te tahi mau whare rongonui ranei. momo rerekē o te hoahoanga, e nga whakaahua i te kāinga whakaaro puka pai, ka rongonui. I roto i nga ra wawe o te whakaahua, ko te nuinga o ngā pikitia rānei te utuafare, me whakapakoko o whare ranei.

Kāhua hoahoanga ki tauira

Tauira o te momo hoahoanga o momo, He etahi āhuatanga e tohu i te rohe, he mana, me te wa wā angamaheni i roto i i hangaia tenei whare i ia o ratou.

Wehe, te momo tino rongonui o te hoahoanga taea whakarato tauira raima:

• Empire - "Arch o te General kaimahi" i roto i te St Petersburg Palace Square (tau 1819 - 1829), kaihoahoa Carlo Rossi;
• Classicism - "Trinity Cathedral i Alexander Nevsky Monastery" (1776 - 1790), te kaihoahoa o te tawhito. St. Petersburg;
• Gothic - "Sevastyanov Whare" (te tau 1863 - te tau 1866), kaihoahoa haurangi, Ekaterinburg;
• Baroque - "Stroganov Palace" i roto i te St. Petersburg, i runga i te Nevsky Prospect (1752 - 1754), kaihoahoa Rastrelli;
• Renaissance - Ko te Cathedral "Santa Maria del Fiore" i roto i Florence (1417 - 1436), kaihoahoa Brunelleschi;
• Nouveau - "Whare o te Singer" i roto i te St. Petereburge (1902 - 1904), kaihoahoa Suzor.

Tauira o te hoahoanga e whakaatu ki te whanaketanga o momo ngā runga i te rau tau.

tauira Original o te hoahoanga o tenei ra

I teie mahana, e kaihoahoa auaha nui e mahi ki whakaaro ultramodern te ao. Ētahi atu kaupapa e huru pono utilitarian, engari i reira e te hunga e taea te huaina taketake. Hei tauira, i roto i Hapani, i roto i te pupau i te kāinga i runga i te pōro. Ka rite ki te whenua o te ra putanga ko te ru, ka anga nga kaihoahoa Japanese whare tautuhinga i runga i pōro nui i hanga o rauemi tino roa. Ko te kupu, i roto i te whare ru tika tīmata ki te piu, e kore e taea te mahi i rerekē ueuetanga tetahi kino ki a ia.

He whare taketake, e ko te hua o ngā whakaaro hoahoa auaha. Ko te pa Spanish rongonui o Barcelona, tika te i runga tuatahi i roto i te ao i roto i te maha o ngā whare taketake, kua hanga nga kaihoahoa tetahi faahiahia. Tenei whare, flipped "ki raro ka huripokitia e". tu ana te hanganga i runga i te tuanui me ona tūruhi pai rerekē.