Theory General o Mahi, Interest ko Money Dzhona Meynarda Keynes: whakarāpopoto

"General Theory o Mahi, Interest ko Money" i tuhituhia e te ohanga Ingarangi John Maynard Keynes. kua waiho tenei pukapuka tona Opus Magnum. Kaituhi o "Te General Theory o Mahi, Interest ko Money" ko te tuatahi ki te tautuhi i te puka, me te rārangi o ngā o macroeconomics hou. I muri i te whakaputanga o te mahi i roto i te Hui-tanguru 1936, i reira ko he revolution Keynesian pera-ka karanga. kua oho atu i te whakapono puāwaitanga maha economists e taea hokohoko takitahi whakahokia mahi tonu i muri i te puranga rangitahi. I whakaurua tuatahi te pukapuka taua ariā mohiotia inaianei rite te whakanui, kohi mahi, hua haurokuroku o te whakapaipai, hiahia whai hua, me te hiahia mō te tere.

Dzhon Meynard Keyns: Whakarāpopoto

whanau te kaiwhakarewa o macroeconomics hou i mua nei i roto i 1883 i roto i te pa o Cambridge. i faataahia ana whakaaro fundamentallno huri ariā me te mahi o te iwi whānui whakatau-hanga i roto i te mara ōhanga. Dzhon Meynard Keyns ko tetahi o te pūtaiao tino whai mana o te rau tau 20. whawhati i ia te postulate o te ariā puāwaitanga o te whai huatanga o te "ringa e kitea" o te mākete. ka haere Keynes ki te mutunga i takoto te taumata whānui o te mahi ohaoha e tono tōpū. Na reira, ko reira te whakamutunga, me te kia arotahi kāwanatanga rite te regulator ariki, ko tona mahi, ko te ki te faaiti i huringa pakihi. I muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, kua hāngai whenua tata whakawhanakehia katoa ratou kaupapa here i runga i ngā whakaaro Keynesian. Interest i roto i tenei rohe ka anga ki te pewa i te 1970 i roto i te hononga ki te ngoikore ki te whakahaere ngā taumata pikinga teitei. Heoi, i muri i te raruraru pūtea o 2007-2008. Kua timata maha whenua ki te hoki ki ngā tikanga Keynesian o ture, me te wawao a te kāwanatanga kaha i roto i te ōhanga motu, pera Keynes waihotia iho. whakaaro "General Theory o Mahi, Interest ko Money" ko te mahi matua o te kaipūtaiao. Kei te reira i te kupu tumu katoa me ngā tauira o tenei au.

"General Theory o Mahi, Interest, me Money": pukapuka

Ko te whakaaro taketake o Keynes Magnum Opus ko e kore te te auau kore mahi i whakaritea e te utu o te mahi, ka rite ki kite tono neoclassic me whakahiato. whakaaro te kaiwhakarewa o macroeconomics e mahi tonu e kore e taea te tutuki anake e tikanga mākete. Na reira ko reira e tika ana te wawaotanga o te ope tuatoru, e ko te āhua. whakamārama mahi "General Theory o Mahi, Interest ko Money," e te underutilization o hanga kaha me te underinvestment - ". ringa e kitea" he āhua tūturu o ngā take i roto i te ōhanga mākete, faaterehia nei te anake e te Ko te pūtaiao totohe ka te kore o te whakataetae - e kore te mea he raruraru nui tenei, ētahi wā e kore e ara he hekenga i roto i te utu te hanga i mahi atu. Keynes i te tīmatanga tino o tona pukapuka. whakapono ia e taea e tahuri ia porohurihia nga whakaaro tuku iho katoa. I roto i te reta ki tona hoa Bernard Shaw i 1935, i tuhituhi Dzhon Keyns: "whakapono ahau e mahi tuhi he pukapuka i runga i te ariā ohaoha, e ka hei te pakaruhanga nui - o te akoranga, e kore tonu, engari i runga i te kotahi tekau nga tau i muri mai - me pehea te whakatau i te ao puta raruraru ohaoha. " Kei tēnei mahi taketake o 6 pukapuka (pukapuka), ranei 24 vahe.

Tà

"General Theory o Mahi, Interest ko Money" whakaputaina tonu i roto i te reo e wha: Ingarihi, Tiamana, Hapanihi me Wīwī. Ki ia o nga pukapuka, tuhituhi Keynes te Tà. Aro i whakanohoia kua i roto i a ratou i te iti rerekē. I roto i te putanga Ingarihi o tona mahi, tohutohu Keynes economists katoa, engari faaite te tumanako e ka waiho reira whai hua ki te katoa e korerotia ana e ia. Reira tuhipoka hoki, ahakoa kitea i mawhiti tuatahi, engari te pā ana kotahi katoa, tuhituhia e rima nga tau i mua i waenganui i a ia, me tona pukapuka atu - ". Pukapuka i runga i Money"

whakataki

He aha te mea te mahi o "General Theory o Mahi, Interest ko Money"? Poto e taea te whakaahuatia tona ngako rite: tono hanga tono, te āhuatanga whakamuri e taea. e te pene tuatahi hawhe anake te whārangi. rōrahi Tapeke i roto i te wāhanga e toru:

• "Theory General."
• "Ko te mau marôraa mana'o o ohaoha puāwaitanga."
• "Ko te parau tumu o te tono whai hua."

I roto i te wāhanga i runga, whakamārama Keynes aha whakapono ia e taea tenei pukapuka huri te tirohanga o economists e pā ana ki te mahi ōhanga. ta ia e kua rawa whiriwhiri te taitara ki te whakanui i te rerekētanga ki te ariā puāwaitanga, te whakamahi o ngā kitenga i te hunga whai hua anake i roto i ētahi wā, engari e kore e tonu.

Book II: «whakamāramatanga me whakaaro"

Kei a ia ko vahe wha:

• "Te tohu i te wae o te inenga."
• "Ko te tūmanako o rua production me whakatakoto mahi".
• "Ko te whakamāramatanga o te moni, penapena, me te haumi."
• "He kōrero oti atu."

"Ki te keno pau"

Te faataa ra te toru o rōrahi te ngako o te kohi me te whakamārama ana pehea whakaihiihi reira mahi ohaoha. Keynes whakapono e i roto i te whārua me te kāwanatanga ki te tīmata anō te "pūkaha" ki utu atu. Kei tēnei pukapuka o vahe e toru:

• "Āhuatanga Whāinga".
• "Whakatau tuakiri".
• "Ki te keno haurokuroku pau me te whakanui."

E ai ki a Keynes, e kore e te mākete i te kaha ki te whaiaro ture-. kihai ia i whakapono e mahi tonu ko te āhua tūturu e he tino ki whakaturia te wā roa-. Na reira, ko te mea nui ki te wawaotanga kāwanatanga. tupu Economic, rite ki ngā māngai o Keynesianism, he ti'aturi i moni, me te mātau kaupapa here moni.

"Ki te hihiri haumi"

Ko te hua haurokuroku o whakapaipai - te ōwehenga i waenganui i te pūmanawa moni me tona utu. Keynes rite ana te reira ki te auau hekenga. Kei te pukapuka te wha o 10 vahe:

• "Ko te hua haurokuroku o te whakapaipai."
• "Ko te āhua o ngā tūmanako mō te wā roa-."
• "Ko te ariā whānui o te moni."
• "Theory Classical".
• "Poapoa Psychological me pakihi ki tere."
• "Various kitenga e pā ana ki te āhua o te whakapaipai."
• "Āhuatanga faufaa o Interest me Money".
• "General Theory o Mahi, te hou whakatakoto".
• "Ko te mahi o te kore mahi."
• "Utu Theory".

"Tuhipoka Poto"

mahi Whakaoti tino macroeconomic ( "General Theory o Mahi, Interest ko Money"), kōrero o te kaituhi i roto i vahe e toru:

• "I runga i te huringa hokohoko."
• "I te mercantilism, ture moni whakatupu, moni titoa e me ariā underconsumption."
• "I runga i te kaupapa pāpori.

I roto i te pene whakamutunga, i tuhituhi Keynes: "... te whakaaro o economists me philosopho tōrangapū, ahakoa o ahakoa he tika ratou, he nui atu kaha atu i kei te whakapono. Oia mau, i kingi te ao e iti rerekē. tangata Practical, e whakapono ratou tino motuhake i nga whakaaro o pūtaiao, e te nuinga o nga pononga o etahi ohanga defunct. Haurangi i roto i te kaha ahu ratou whakaaro i ngā tuhinga o te tahi mau scribblers i te ao o te pūtaiao o whakamutunga tau. Ko ahau māia e te mana o ngā ngākau nuitanga kua tau ko tino te tiaturi i whakaritea ki te horapa āta o te mana o ngā whakaaro. O te akoranga, e kore tonu, engari i muri i te tetahi wā o te wā; i roto i te ohaoha me te whakaaro kaupapa tōrangapū e taea whai i te pānga i runga i te ariā me te i roto i te 25-30 tau. A ko reira whakaaro, e kore e kua tau ngākau nuitanga, he kino ki runga ki te ara ki te oranga mate ranei. "

Tautoko me te fakaanga

"General Theory o Mahi, Interest ko Money" e kore e roto i te arata'iraa taipitopito i runga i te whakahaere o te ōhanga. Heoi, whakakitea Keynes i mahi pehea ki te pā i te haumi, me te heke kohi tūmataiti i roto i ngä päpätanga huamoni wā roa-a te whakahou o te pūnaha moni te ao. Paora Samuelson wittily mea e Keynesianism "patua maha economists taitamariki rite ohorere patua mate hou, me te whakangaromia e te iwi taratahi o moutere i roto i te Moana ki te Tonga."

Mai te timatanga rawa o te "General Theory o Mahi, Interest ko Money" ko te mahi tino tautohetia. No tetahi i mohio rite te mea Keynes i roto i te ngakau. Kua whakaturia kaiarotake Early rawa tino. Keynesianism nuinga au tona angitu ki te "ariā neoclassical" pera-ka karanga, ka i roto i ngā, Alvin Hansen, a Paora Samuelson ko John Hicks. Kua whakawhanakehia e ratou he whakamārama mārama o te ariā o te tono tōpū. Hansen ko Samuelson whakaaro te "Keynesian Cross" ka hanga Hicks he tauira IS-LM (-saving haumi). Whānui "Theory General" i muri i te Topatariraa Rahi. E kore taea te mākete akakoromaki anake ki nga puranga, na te whakaaro o mooni wawao a te kāwanatanga.

i roto i te mahi

He maha innovations i tuatahi i whakaarohia i roto i te "Theory General", he matua i roto i macroeconomics hou. Heoi, ko te whakaaro matua ko e te take o recessions he iti tono tōpū, kihai i ora. Ko te akoranga whare wānanga e inaianei te nuinga whakaako e te ohaoha Keynesian New pera-ka karanga. e te reira i te ariā o te tauritenga wā roa-neo-puāwaitanga. e kore Neo-Keynesians i whakaaro "Theory General" whai hua mō te ako atu. Heoi, whakaaro tonu maha economists whai kiko ana te reira. I roto i te 2011, ka hinga te pukapuka ki te rārangi o te Nonfiction nāianei pai.

Whakamahia i roto i te ako o te ōhanga

Ko te ngana tuatahi ki urutau te "ariā whānui" Kua riro te pukapuka mō ngā ākonga o Robinson, tukua i roto i te tau 1937. Heoi, ka tahuri te angitu tino i roto i ki te ārahi Hansen. tukua atu pukapuka hou i roto i te tau 2006, Hayes. Na ka haere mai i tuhituhia te putanga māmā o nei e Te Hiana. Paora Krugman ko te kaituhi o te whakataki ki te putanga hou o "Te Theory General" o Keynes, whakaputaina i roto i te 2007. Āta, Heoi, ngaro te puna taketake tona tikanga. whakaaetia te tikanga i roto i economists tenei ra ko te postulate e whakahaere te ōhanga i roto i tono tōpū taea anake e i roto i te wā poto, me te mo te wā roa o te wā e taea te whakaritea te toenga takitahi ki te awhina o tikanga mākete.