Tuatahi puta i roto i te pūnaha io o te kararehe?

māngai te pūnaha io roto i te rauropi ora te kōrero whatunga, whakarato tona hononga ki te ao waho, me o ratou ake ngā tukanga. Ko tōna huānga taketake ko te neuron - Cell ki a konga (axons me dendrites), e whakawhiti kōrero e hiko, me te matū.

Whakaaro o te ture io

Hoki te wā tuatahi ka puta te pūnaha io i roto i ngā noho ki te hiahia hoki pai pāhekoheko ki te taiao. Whanaketanga o te whatunga ohie mō te whakawhiti ngātere e kore tauturu riro anake tohu i waho. Ngā mihi ki a ia, ka taea ki te whakarite i to ratou iho tukanga ora mo te mahi angitu atu.

I roto i te kunenga mai o te hanganga io faingataa te: tona mahi ko te hanganga e kore anake o te whakautu tika ki akiaki waho, engari ano hoki te whakahaere o ratou ake whanonga. ka karanga a I. P. Pavlov tenei ara o mahi o te mahi teitei io.

Ngā pāhekoheko ki te taiao pūtau-kotahi

Tuatahi puta i roto i te pūnaha io o kaiao e ngā o neke atu i te kotahi pūtau, no te mea horoa reira tohu i waenganui i neurons, hanga he whatunga. Otiia ara i roto i te taea māmā ki mau i te kaha ki te whakautu ki ngä poapoa waho e whakaratohia ana e te tukanga intracellular.

Ko qualitatively rerekē i taua o te mātauranga i te timatanga pūnaha io Multicellular. Ko te hononga pūnaha tonu whakamutunga i roto i te pākia pūtau kotahi. Mō te whānuitanga o ngā tukanga e tango te wahi i roto i waho ranei, ciliate "haapii" e tika ana ki ngā huringa i roto i te hanganga o te protoplasm me te mahi o etahi atu hanganga. taata Multicellular i te pūnaha hangaia o ngā waeine mahi, ia o nei e hua ana ki ona ake tukanga pūkoro tinana.

Ko te kupu, ko te wa tuatahi e te pūnaha io ko reira e kua kore tetahi, engari e rave rahi ngā pūtau, e ko, kaiao maha-pūtau. tavini hoki te tauira rite te whakanui ki te kararehe pūtau. I to ratou putanga kitea taumata protoplasm hanganga faufaa he ngātere kawe ia. Waihoki, i roto i nga mea ora atu tino whakaritea te mahi i tenei mahi te takitahi ngā pūtau io.

Tautautefito nga coelenterates pūnaha io

kararehe Multicellular noho i roto i koroni, e kore e faaite i ki ia atu mahi, a ka whai ratou whatunga neural ano. puta te reira i te wāhi ka rerekëtanga ki te mahi rerekē i roto i te tinana o te multicellular.

Hoki te wā tuatahi puta te pūnaha io roto i te hydra me ētahi atu coelenterates. Ko reira he whatunga o whakahaere tohu untargeted. E kore te te hanganga ōkawa, kua tohaina diffusely reira puta noa te coelenterates tinana. E kore te te pūtau ganglion me ratou taonga nisslevskaya i hanga tino. Ko te putanga māmā o te pūnaha io tenei.

whakaritea motility momo kararehe te pūnaha io reticular E ruia ana. Hydra mahi kaupapa peristaltic rite te mea kahore wahi motuhake o te tinana ki te neke me te tahi atu nekehanga. Hoki mahi nekeneke me te reira ore huānga kōrero contractile, kua hiahiatia ai e kei te nuinga o te pūtau conductive i roto i te wahi contractile. Mahi i tetahi o nga kararehe mo te wa tuatahi puta te pūnaha io rite te whatunga E ruia ana? Ko te hunga e Ko nga kaiwhakatū o te pūnaha tangata o ture. Ka kitea tënei i te meka e i roto i te whanaketanga embryonic o kararehe gastrulation reira.

Tautautefito te pūnaha io o helminths

e pā ana whakapai muri o te ture manavasii i ki te whanaketanga o te te hangarite më hei utu o te toropā me te hanganga o tautau o neurons i roto i ngā wāhanga ngā o te tinana.

I roto i te puka o here mo te wa tuatahi puta te pūnaha io i roto i te 1 flatworms. I tenei wā, kua māngai reira e te matenga takirua kōpuku io , me te whakawhānui i ratou i hanga muka. I roto i rite ki nga coelenterates, he nui atu matatini atu te pūnaha taua. I roto i te helminths kitea rōpū o ngā pūtau io i te puka o ngā waeine me te ganglia. tauira roro - ganglia i roto i te wahi he mārōrō, o te tinana e rave mahi ture. huaina e ia ganglion kaka. Mai i ia te tinana katoa me te kātua karere e rua, hono e piriti.

e kore e wāhanga katoa o te pūnaha kei i runga i te waho, me e rumakina i roto i te parenchyma me te kupu tiaki i te whara. Hoki te wā tuatahi puta te pūnaha io flatworms ki rongo timatanga: pa, titiro me te tikanga o te taurite.

Tautautefito te pūnaha io o te nematode

Ko te wāhanga i muri mai o te whanaketanga ko te hanganga o te hanganga mowhiti huri noa korokoro te me te whakawhānui i reira atu muka roa. Ki te taua āhuatanga mō te wā tuatahi puta te pūnaha io i roto i roundworms. mowhiti Peripharyngeal Ko te ganglion porohita kotahi, me te mahi i nga mahi o te tirohanga tinana turanga. E pā ana ki reira ko te aho karere ventral me hikumārō.

kahiwi karere i roto i nematodes kei intraepithelial, arā, tupuke epidermal. I roto i te tūranga o te rongo ko te sensilla - pãhihi papillae whekau tāpiri, me amphids phasmids. E farii katoa ratou ki te tūtohutanga whakauru.

Ko te whēkau tino matatini o nematodes perception - amphids. E takirua ratou, kia kia rerekē i roto i te āhua me te e kei i te mua. Ratou mahi matua - ki te tāutu i ngā āpiha matū, kei atu i te tinana. I roto i te tahi mau roundworms e hoki receptors e kite i te awe mīhini roto, o waho. E huaina ratou metanemami.

Tautautefito te pūnaha io o annelids

ganglion hanganga i roto i te pūnaha io muri whanake i roto i annelids. Te nuinga ganglionizatsiya kahiwi puku o ratou puta kia ia wāhanga o te kutukutu he rua o te ganglia e hono nga muka ki te wāhanga pātata. Annelids i te aho karere ventral, ganglion kaka i hanga me te rua o whenu whakawhānui i reira. totoro ratou i runga i te mata puku. āhuatanga Tārewa whakaritea i roto i te mua, ka aroaro ki te kanohi tahanga, pūtau olfactory, me locators ciliary fossae. Ki te kōpuku māhanga mo te wa tuatahi ka puta te pūnaha io i roto i annelids, engari ia i muri whakawhanakehia i roto i te angawaho. E ratou he ganglia hua i roto i te matenga, me te huinga o nga kōpuku i roto i te tinana.

Elements o te whatunga ruia ana i roto i te pūnaha io te tangata

Ko te keokeonga o te whanaketanga whanaketanga o te pūnaha io ko te ahua o te roro, me te ua i roto i te tangata. Heoi, tiaki ara ki taua hanganga matatini whakahaere E ruia ana taketake. mo'uangofua ki tēnei whatunga katoa pūtau o te tinana: kiri, oko toto, me ētahi atu Otiia ki enei āhuatanga i roto i te tikanga mo te wa tuatahi puta te pūnaha io, kihai i nei ara i te whai wāhi ki te rerekëtanga kite te taiao ...

Ngā mihi ki enei "wäriu" wae hanganga he tangata kua te whai wāhi ki te ite i te pānga noa i runga i rerekē ngā wāhanga mōkitokito. Ka taea e te rauropi urupare ki te ahua o meneti whakatupuranga kaihoko ke o ngā urupare tiaki. whakapumautia te aroaro o te whatunga ruia ana i roto i te pūnaha io te tangata e rangahau taiwhanga, e hāngai ana i runga i te whakataki o te colorant.

raina General o te whanaketanga o te pūnaha io i roto i te akoranga o te kunenga

Ki ngā whanaketanga o te pūnaha io i roto i toru ngā wāhanga:

• whatunga E ruia ana;
• gangilii;
• roro me te ua.

Ko te tino rerekē i ngā momo mua Hanganga me te mahi o te pūnaha io pokapū. aroaro tona tari ganglion pukuaroha me huānga reticular. I roto i tona whanaketanga phylogenetic o te pūnaha io riro ake me te ake ruggedness me te pārōnaki. wāhanga Ganglionic o te whanaketanga o te neurons reticular āhuatanga e te aroaro, kei tonu i runga i te whakatinanatanga pūnaha.

Tetahi rauropi ora - tino he Monolith titoa o ngā whēkau, me ngā pūnaha e huru tonu a tonu i waenganui ia ratou me te ki te taiao o waho. Hoki te wā tuatahi ka puta te pūnaha io i roto i coelenterates, ko reira he whatunga E ruia ana te whakarato āriponga timatanga o ponana.