Ture, ahakoa o tupu. ture o Mendel. iranga

Ka rite ki te hua, kaiputaiao rangahau K. Correns, G. de Vries, E. Cermak i 1900 i "kitea akaouia mai" te ture o iranga, whakatakoto i roto i te tau 1865 te kaiwhakarewa o pūtaiao o whakapapa - Gregor Mendel. I roto i to ratou ngā, whakamahia te kaipūtaiao, he tikanga Hybridological e ai i whakatakoto nga parau tumu o te tupu o ngā āhuatanga, me te etahi āhuatanga o kaiao. I roto i tēnei tuhinga ka titiro tatou ki nga ture taketake o te whakapapa tuku, ki te ako iranga.

Mendel me tona rangahau

tukua Taupānga tikanga hybridological ki a ia te whakatū he maha o ture, ka enei ture o Mendel. Hei tauira, i kī ai te tikanga o te taurite o te hybrids whakatupuranga tuatahi (te ture tuatahi o Mendel). tuhu ia ki te mau faaiteraa meka o F ₁ hybrids kotahi anake te āhuatanga, te mana e te ira ngoi. Ko te kupu, na roto i te whiti otaota o ngā momo pea purapura e rerekē i roto i te tae uri (kōwhai me te matomato), he hybrids whakatupuranga tuatahi katoa kōwhai anake purapura tae. Ano, i hoki katoa o enei mau taata te tohuira taua (he heterozygotes).

ture o te Pharoah

Tonu ripeka i waenganui i te tauira i tangohia i te hybrids tuatahi-whakatupuranga, riro Mendel F ₂ āhuatanga wāhinga. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, tohuāhua tāutuhia otaota ki ngā irarā ngoikore o te āhuatanga whakamātautau (tae matomato o purapura) i roto i te nui o tetahi-toru o hybrids katoa. Ko te kupu, ko te rangatiratanga ture o te kainga e whakaaetia ana kua ata whakatakina Mendel te huarahi tuku rite nga ira tino me ngoikore i roto i te maha whakatupuranga o hybrids.

whakawhiti Di- me poligibridnoe

I roto i ngā muri, faingataa Mendel tikanga mo ratou whakatinanatanga. Na, no te whiti i te otaota i tangohia, kia rite ki te rua rerekē, me te tokomaha nui o o pūāhua kē takirua. aru parau tumu Scientific kainga tino, me te ngoikore o te ira, me hua wāhinga whiwhi, e taea te māngai e te tātai whānui (3: 1) ^n, i reira n - te maha o e rerekē takitahi mātua takirua o pūāhua kē. Ko te kupu, mo te kahui e rua-ranu , ka whai tohuāhua wāwāhi i te hybrids whakatupuranga tuarua te puka: (3: 1) ² = 9: 6: 1 ranei 9: 3: 3: 1. Ko, te whakatupuranga tuarua o hybrids taea te kitea e wha momo o tohuāhua: he tipu ki kōwhai maheni (9/16) ona, ki mingimingi kōwhai (3/16), me matomato maheni (3/16) me ki purapura matomato mingimingi (wāhanga 1/16 ). Ko te kupu, ko te ture, ahakoa o tupu riro tona tohu pāngarau, ka kite poligibridnoe interbreeding i rite ahua monohybrid - "superimposed" i runga i ia atu.

momo o te tupu

I roto i te iranga, i reira e rave rahi ngā momo o ngā āhuatanga tuku me ngā āhuatanga i ngā mātua ki ngā tamariki. Ko te paearu matua i konei ko te mana āhuatanga hanga kawea atu rānei e te ira kotahi - kainga monogenic, ranei ake - kainga polygenic. I mua ka titiro matou ki te ture, ahakoa o tupu o ngā āhuatanga mō te reo me te rua-ranu kahui, te tuatahi, te tuarua, me te tuatoru ara te ture o Mendel. whakaaro tatou i teie nei i tenei puka rite kainga tupu hono. Ko tōna pūtake ariā ko te ariā o Thomas Morgan, ka karanga pūira. Kua whakaaturia Scientists e, me ki huanga tuku takitahi ki uri, i reira te tīariari momo o kainga he autosomal me adhesion e pā ana-sex.

I roto i enei take, e riro tahi he tohu torutoru i roto i te kotahi takitahi rite te mana e te ira kei roto i te pūira taua, ka whakanohoia te reira i muri ki - tahi i te tahi. ahua ai ratou he rōpū hononga nei tau he huinga haploid rite o pūira. Hei tauira, he karyotype tangata o 46 pūira, e hāngai ana ki te 23 ngā rōpū hononga. Kua kitea te reira e te iti te tawhiti i waenganui i te ira i runga i te pūira, te iti puta i waenganui i te tukanga crossover, e arata'i ki te āhuatanga o te tāupetanga iranga.

Ka rite ki ira riro kei i runga i te pūira X

tonu tatou ki te ako i te tauira o te kainga, te haapa'oraa i te ariā pūira o Morgan. Kua whakaaturia ngā ira e rua tangata me te kararehe (ika, manu, kararehe) i reira ko te rōpū o tohu ki runga ki te tikanga kainga e pānga he papa takitahi. Hei tauira, tae koti i roto i te ngeru, moemoea tae me te toto upoo- i roto i te tangata e whakahaeretia e te ira kei roto i te pūira X fakasekisualé. Mai hē hāngai ira tangata tohuāhua whakakitea i roto i te puka o mate tuku, ira i huaina. Ko ētahi o ēnei hemophilia me matapo tae. Opening o Mendel, me T. Morgan tukua ki te tono i te ture o iranga i roto i nga wāhi tino o te hapori tangata rite rongoā, ahuwhenua, tupuranga o kararehe, otaota me microorganisms.

Ko te hononga i waenga i ira me ratou āhuatanga takoto

Ki te rangahau ira hou, i kitea ai e ture motuhake o te tupu e no te roha atu, mai i te ōwehenga o - kore he ao "1 ira 1 tohu", whakakaupapa,. I roto i te pūtaiao ka matou take o maha mahi me taunekeneke ira mohiotia nealellnyh ratou āhua. Taua momo ngā epistasis, kïnakitanga, waerau. Ko te kupu, i kitea ai e te nui o te ngarahu melatonin kiri kawenga mo tona tae, kua whakahaeretia e te rōpū o ngā āhuatanga tuku. Ko te tohuira atu tino o ira tangata haepapa mo te kōtuitui o te ngarahu, te mumura te kiri. Tenei tauira whakaatu te tauhohenga pērā i waerau. I roto i ngā tipu, i tenei puka o te kainga tūturu momo totokore o te hapu i roto i nei te purapura tae polymeric whakahaeretia rōpū o ira.

Ko te kupu, kei te tohuira o ia kaiao te pūnaha oti. I hanga e te reira i rite ki te hua o te whanaketanga o mua o nga momo - phylogeny. Ko te āhua o te nuinga o nga tohu, me ngā āhuatanga motuhake - ko te hua o ngā taunekeneke ira, e rua allelic me allelic-kore, a ka taea e whakaawe ratou te whanaketanga o te maha ngā āhuatanga o te rauropi.