Whakatau a Dirac. Dirac whārite. ariā mara aronui

E hāngai ana tēnei tuhinga ki runga ki te mahi o Paora Dirac whārite e nui taonga nga rehe aronui. whakaahua ana te reira i te ariā taketake tika ki matau i te tikanga tinana o te whārite, me te tikanga o tona tono.

Pūtaiao me pūtaiao

E kore te te tangata e pā ana ki te pūtaiao, ko reira te tukanga whakaputa matauranga i roto i te tahi mau pānga porehu. Te aivanaa, i roto i te whakaaro o te iwi - cranks reira e korero i te reo ke, me te paku whakapehapeha. Pae mai maheni ki te kairangahau, i matara atu i te tangata pūtaiao mea kotahi ia e kore i matau ia te ahupūngao i roto i te kura. Ko te kupu te tangata i roto i te ara taiepa te atu i te matauranga pūtaiao, me te ake kuraina tono interlocutor ki te korero māmā me te ake pūmanawa. He pono whārite Paora Dirac e whakaaro tatou, koa rite te pai.

matūriki māmā

Kei te hiamo tonu te hanganga o te mea hinengaro pākiki. I roto i te Kariki tawhito, kua kite te iwi e nga kaupae mapere, i tangohia e te rota o te waewae, huringa hanga mo te wā, ka fokotu'u: ia waewae hu ranei e waha ana ki reira he wahi iti o te mea. Kua whakaritea e ēnei āhuatanga ki te karanga "ngota", e ko "wehewehe". tonu Ingoa, engari tahuri te reira i roto i taua nga ngota me te matūriki e hanga ake ngota - te pūhui taua, matatini. E huaina ēnei matūriki timatanga. Kei te whakatapua te reira ki te mahi ratou whārite Dirac i tukua e kore anake ki te whakamārama i te whatu o te irahiko, engari whakaaro ano hoki te aroaro o te antielectron.

whene Ngaru-matūriki

Ko te whanaketanga o ngā whakaahua hangarau i roto i te mutunga o te rautau tekau mā iwa, āhuatanga e kore anake te ahua o imprinting ake, kai me te ngeru, engari ka whakanekehia ake ano hoki te taea o te pūtaiao. Ka riro he taua taputapu pātata rite te pikitia tere (tae maumahara mua te rongo e pā ana ki 30-40 meneti), ka anga pūtaiao e Tuini ki te whakatika i te momo o te tūāwhiorangi.

Ngā i taua wa ariā o te hanganga o ngā matū e kore i taea e āta whakamārama matapae te tūāwhiorangi o rāpoi matatini ranei. Tuatahi, whakakitea te whakamātautau rongonui o Rutherford e kore ko pera wehewehe te ngota: ko tona ngakau karihi pai taimaha huri noa i tuku irahiko kino ngāwari. Na ka mohiotia te kitea o te ira e kore ko te Monolith te pata, a kua hanga ki runga o ngā iraoho me ngā iramoe. Na reira te kitea tata tukutahi o te rahi o te pūngao, te Heisenberg papû ore parau tumu me te āhua probabilistic o pūmotu wāhi matūriki hoatu whanaketanga ki te whanaketanga o te huarahi pūtaiao faufaa hou ki te ako o te ao a tawhio noa. He wāhanga hou - nga ahupūngao o matūriki pūmotu.

Ko te take matua i te ata o te tau o te āhuatanga nui i roto i te tauine ultra-iti ki te whakamārama i te aroaro o tini matūriki pūmotu me ngā āhuatanga poipoi.

whakamatauria Einstein e ara pūaho äta he papatipu, pera he totoka whakawhiti te pini, e taka i runga i te (tītohunga pēhanga marama). I roto i tenei take, ka mea maha ngā i runga i te tukituki o ngā irahiko i roto i nga kapiti o te iti rawa i ratou i te ttara me pokanoa, ko reira i rawe ki anake ki te poipoia. Ka rite ki te hua, i ahau ki te whakaae: te korakora timatanga i te wa ano he ahanoa ki te papatipu, me te ngaru. Ko, te papatipu o, mea, he irahiko rite reira i "pania" i roto i te mōkihi pūngao ki te āhuatanga poipoi. Kua tukua tenei parau tumu o te whene poipoi-matūriki ki te whakamārama tuatahi o te katoa he aha e kore e te irahiko taka ki roto ki te karihi, me hoki te mea tīariari take i roto i te āmionga o te ngota, me he ohorere nga whakawhitinga i waenganui ia ratou. Ēnei whakawhitinga, me te whakaputa i te tūāwhiorangi ahurei ki tetahi taonga. Next, timatanga ahupūngao matūriki me whakamārama ko ngā āhuatanga o te matūriki ratou, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki o ratou taunekeneke.

Ko te mahi poipoi o nga tau quantum

Erwin Schrödinger hanga he maere, me te a mohoa noa kerekere te tuwhera (i runga i te pūtake o tana i muri Pol Dirak hanga tona ariā). whakamatauria e ia e te āhua o tetahi matūriki pūmotu, hei tauira, whakaahua ana te mahi ψ poipoi irahiko. I tahaki, e kore te auraa reira tetahi mea, engari ka tapawha reira tūponotanga o te kimi i te irahiko i te wāhi i homai o te wāhi. I roto i tenei ahua o matūriki timatanga i roto i tētahi ngota (tētahi atu pūnaha ranei) whakaahuatia e wha tau aronui. Tenei matua (n), orbital (l), autō (m), me te whatu (m _s) tau. whakaatu ratou nga āhuatanga o matūriki pūmotu. Ka rite ki te faaauraa, ka taea e koe te kawe i te poraka hinu. Ko tōna āhuatanga - taimaha, te rahi, te tae me te te ihirangi ngako. Heoi, e kore e taea te mohio ki nga āhuatanga e whakaahua matūriki māmā, karu, kia waiho ratou mōhio o roto i te whakaahuatanga pāngarau. Work Dirac whārite ko - i oti rawa te arotahi o tenei tuhinga e ki te muri, te maha o te miro.

miro

I mua i haere tika ki te whārite, ko te mea e tika ana ki te whakamārama he aha tohu te whatu tau m _s. E whakaatu ana te reira ake torohaki koki o te irahiko, me ētahi atu matūriki māmā. Ko te pai tonu tenei tau, me te taea te tango i te uara tōpū, kore ranei hawhe uara (mō te m _s = 1/2 irahiko). Whatu - pere rahi me te tetahi anake e whakaahua ana i te takotoranga o te irahiko. ariā mara aronui e miro te pūtake o te ngā utu, e kua kore tauira i roto i rehe te tikanga pūmanawa. E whakaatu ana te tau Tāhurihuri pehea me tahuri te pere ki te haere mai ki tona āhua taketake. e kia he tauira te pene pōro-ira noa (tuhituhi wahi ka tukua te aronga pai o te pere). I haere mai ia ki te āhua taketake, he mea e tika ana ki te tahuri 360 nekehanga. hāngai ana tēnei āhuatanga ki te hoki o 1. A, no te me kia te hawhe hoki, rite te hurihanga irahiko 720 nekehanga. Na, i roto i te tua ki te pūmanawa pāngarau, me kua whakawhanakehia whakaaro mokowā ki te matau i tēnei taonga. Just mahi i runga ki te mahi poipoi. Ko te reira i te "kaiwhakaari" Schrodinger whārite matua e ai whakaahua ana te āhua me te tūnga o te matūriki pūmotu. Ko tenei hononga i roto i tona puka taketake tikanga te hoki matūriki spinless. Te whakaahua i te āhua o te irahiko e taea anake te pupuri, ki te te whānui o te whārite Schrödinger, i kua mahia kua i roto i te mahi o Dirac.

Bosons me fermions

Fermion - matūriki ki uara whatu hawhe-tau tōpū. E whakaritea Fermions i roto i ngā pūnaha (hei tauira ngota) rite ki te whakarerenga parau tumu Pauli: i roto i ia āhua kia kaua e nui ake i te kotahi korakora. Ko te kupu, Ko ahua rerekē i ētahi atu katoa ia irahiko i roto i te ngota (etahi tau aronui he tikanga rerekē). whakaahua ana ariā mara aronui tetahi take - bosons. E ratou he miro, a wā kotahi e taea katoa kia i roto i te āhua kotahi. Whakatinanatanga o tenei take i huaina Bose-Einstein tōhau. Ahakoa te tika pai whakapumautia te taea ariā ki te tiki i te reira, kua tino kawea te reira i roto i roto i 1995 anake.

whārite Dirac

Ka rite mea i runga matou, ahu Pol Dirak te whārite o te irahiko mara puāwaitanga. Reira whakaahua ana hoki te mana o te tahi atu fermions. He matatini me te matamaha te tikanga tinana o te hononga, me te mea o tona āhua kia waiho te rota o whakatau taketake. Puka o te whārite, ko te rite whai:

- (mc ² α _{0 + c Σ te k k p {} k = 0-3}) ψ (x, t) = i h {∂ ψ / ∂ t (x, t)},

te wahi m - papatipu o fermions (ngā irahiko), c - tere o te marama, p _k - toru ngā wāhanga torohaki (nga toki x, y, z), H - whakapai a Panēke tamau, x a t - toru taunga mokowā (e ōrite ana ki te toki X , Y, Z) me te wa, aua, me ψ (x, t) - chetyrohkomponentnaya mahi poipoi matatini, α _{k (k} = 0, 1, 2, 3) - kopu Pauli. He ngā rārangi e mahi i runga i te mahi poipoi, me tona wāhi te whakamutunga. Ko te tino uaua tenei tātai. Hei mahino i te iti rawa ona wāhanga, he mea e tika ana ki te mahino te whakamāramatanga taketake o rehe aronui. kia riro hoki koe i te mōhiotanga pāngarau fakaofo ki i te iti rawa mohio he aha te pere, poukapa, me te kaiwhakahaere. ahua Specialist o te whārite ki atu noa atu i ona wāhanga mea. mahino te tangata matau i roto i te ahupūngao karihi, me te rehe aronui maheni ki, te faufaa o tenei hononga. Heoi, e ti'a ia tatou whakaae e te whārite Dirac me Schrödinger - anake nga timatanga o te whakaahuatanga pāngarau o te tukanga e puta i roto i te ao o ngā rahinga aronui. physicists ariā, e kua whakaritea e ki te horo'a ia ki nga matūriki timatanga me ratou taunekeneke, whai ki matau i te ngako o enei whanaunga i runga i te tohu tuatahi, me te tuarua. Ko he ātahu tenei pūtaiao, a ko reira i roto i tenei rohe e taea te hanga he pakaruhanga ranei ki ake tona ingoa, vahe'i reira ki te whārite, te faafariuraa rawa ranei.

Ko te tikanga tinana o te whārite

I korero matou, korero tatou ki ta whakatau hipoki ana te whārite Dirac mo te irahiko. Tuatahi, riro mārama tenei pā ana e te whatu irahiko ko ½. Tuarua, kia rite ki te whārite, te irahiko he momeniti autō tūturu. Ko reira rite ki te magneton Bohr (kotahi timatanga kau autō). Ko te hua tino nui o te whiwhi tenei ōwehenga takoto i roto i te _k kaiwhakahaere α _{inconspicuous.} Faahopearaa o te whārite Dirac i te whārite Schrödinger ka mau te wa roa. Dirac tīmatanga whakaaro e enei ngā arai te hononga. Ki te awhina o rerekē tinihanga pāngarau tamata ia ki te tutakina ratou i te whārite, otiia kihai ia i manuïa. Ka rite ki te hua, te whārite Dirac mō te matūriki noa ngā wha α kaiwhakahaere. Ia o ratou tohu i te kopu [4x4]. E rua hāngai ki te papatipu pai o te irahiko, e te akapapu e reira e rua tikanga o tona miro. Etahi e rua hoatu he otinga mō matūriki kino papatipu. Ko te mōhiotanga taketake nuinga o te ahupūngao whakarato te tangata ki te faaoti e he reira taea i roto i te mooni. Engari kia rite ki te hua o te whakamātautau i kitea ai i roto i taua i te tāhū, e rua whakamutunga ko nga rongoā ki te matūriki ngā, irahiko ritenga - anti-irahiko. Ka rite ki irahiko, positron (pera i huaina tenei matūriki) he papatipu, engari he pai te tiaki.

positron

Ka rite ki maha tupu i roto i te tau o te āhuatanga o quantum Dirac i te tuatahi e kore i whakapono ki a ratou ake whakatau. kihai ia i maia ki te whakaputa nuitia te matapae o te matūriki hou. Heoi, i roto i te maha o ngā pepa me te rururaa i runga i ngā pūkenga kua fakamamafa'i te taea o tona oraraa, ahakoa kore te reira postulated. Otira, hohoro i muri kitea te withdrawal o tenei positron ōwehenga rongonui i roto i te radiation rangi. Ko te kupu, kua tona oraraa kua whakapumautia empirically. Positron - te kitea iwi huānga Antimatter tuatahi. Positron whanau rite kotahi rua māhanga (te tahi atu mahanga - ko te irahiko) i roto i te pāhekoheko o pūaho ki otaota pūngao taonga nui rawa i roto i te mara kaha hiko. Homai tau e kore e tatou (a ka kitea te kaipānui hiahia ia te mōhiohio e tika ana katoa). Heoi, he mea utu fakamamafa'i e ko he tauine rangi tenei. Hei whakaputa i te pūaho pūngao e hiahiatia ana e taea anake pahūtanga supernova me collisions galactic. E hoki ratou i roto i te maha i roto i roto i te karihi o whetu wera, tae atu i te ra. Ko whangai tonu te tangata ki tona painga. Ko te te mate o te mea, me te Antimatter homai he rota o te pūngao. Hei aukati i tenei tukanga me ki te hoatu ai mo te pai o te taata nei (hei tauira, e kia engines whai hua o kaipuke interstellar ki whakangaromia), iwi i ako ki te hanga i te iraoho i roto i te taiwhanga.

I roto i ngā, accelerators nui (pēnei i te LHC) e taea te waihanga rua irahiko-positron. I mua hoki i reira i te whakaaro e te reira he antiparticles timatanga kore anake (i roto i te tua ki te irahiko ratou he torutoru ake), engari ko te Antimatter katoa. Ahakoa he wahi iti o tetahi karaihe o Antimatter e whakarato i te pūngao te ao (pea ko Kryptonite Superman Antimatter?).

Ko aue, kua kore i tuhia te hanga o te karihi Antimatter taimaha atu hauwai i roto i te ao mohiotia. Heoi, ki te whakaaro te kaipānui e te ngā o mea (mōhio, ko reira te taonga, e kore o te irahiko kotahi) ki te positron whakangaromia mutu tonu, he hape ia. A, no te panga o te whakapōturinga positron i tere tiketike i roto i te tahi mau wai ki tūponotanga-kore kore rua irahiko-positron e pā ana, ka karanga positronium. He etahi āhuatanga o te ngota me te tae noa te kaha ki te tomo ki tauhohe matū tēnei hanganga. Ko reira ko tenei taupiri wa poto pakarukaru a ka tonu faka'auhamālie ki paheke o rua, a i roto i ētahi wā, me e toru hihi kama.

huakore o te whārite

Ahakoa te meka e na roto i tenei hononga i kitea e anti-irahiko me te Antimatter, te mea he drawback nui. Tuhi Equations me tauira hanga e hāngai ana ki runga ki taua mea, e kore e taea e ki te matapae pehea e whanau nga matūriki me ngaro. Ko tenei he korokë moku, o te ao quantum: te ariā, tohu te whanautanga o takirua mea-Antimatter, he kore e taea ki te whakaahua āta tenei tukanga. Tenei ngoikoretanga i whakakorea kua i roto i te ariā mara aronui. Na roto i te whakauru i te quantization o mara, whakaahua ana tenei tauira ratou pāhekoheko, tae atu i te hanga me te ope o matūriki pūmotu. Na roto i te "ariā mara aronui" i roto i tenei take te tikanga he wā rawa motuhake. Ko te wāhi o te ahupūngao e tuatapapa i te whanonga o ngā āpure aronui tenei.

whārite o Dirac i taunga porotakaroa

Hei timata, kia mohio koe ki ta te porotakaroa taunga pūnaha. Engari o te mua toru tuaka tahi hāngai ki te whakatau i te wāhi tangohia o te wāhi i roto i te wāhi mā te whakamahi i te koki, te pūtoro, me te tiketike. Ko tenei te taua rite te pūnaha fakafekau'aki neke i runga i te waka rererangi, engari tāpiri he toru taha - teitei. Ko te pai tenei pūnaha ina e hiahia ana koe ki te whakaahua ki te tūhura i te mata hangarite e pā ana ki te kotahi tuaka ranei. rehe aronui ko te taputapu tino whai hua, me te pepa e taea te whakaiti i te rahi o te maha o ngā tātai me tātaitanga. Ko te putanga o tenei te hangarite axial o te kapua irahiko i roto i tētahi ngota. faatiti'aifarohia te whārite Dirac te i roto i taunga porotakaroa paku rerekē atu i mua i roto i te pūnaha, me ētahi wā hua hua ohorere. Hei tauira, te tahi mau tono te raruraru o te whakatau i te whanonga o matūriki pūmotu (te tikanga ngā irahiko) i roto i te quantized whakaahua ke momo mara whārite faatiti'aifarohia ki taunga porotakaroa.

Mā te whārite ki te whakatau i te hanganga o te korakora

E whakaahua ana tēnei whārite te matūriki timatanga: te hunga e kore e e ngā o ngā huānga noa iti. taea ki te ine i te mau taime autō ki te tika tiketike pūtaiao Modern he. Ko te kupu, he ōrite ki te tatau te whakamahi i te uara whārite Dirac experimentally whanganga momeniti autō e autaki tohu te hanganga matatini o te matūriki. Auporo, pā tenei whārite ki fermions, ratou whatu hawhe-tau tōpū. i whakapumautia hanganga uaua o ngā iraoho me ngā iramoe mā te whakamahi i tenei whārite. Kei roto i ia o ratou o ngā wāhanga noa iti huaina roa'ee no. Gluon mara pupuri tahi te roa'ee no, e kore tuku hinga ratou motu ke. He ko he ariā e roa'ee no - e kore te reira i te matūriki tino timatanga o to tatou ao. Ko rite te roa rite kore te iwi e whai kaha hangarau nui ki te manatoko i tēnei.