Writing, te tuhi wāhanga o te whanaketanga

Writing - hangaia e tenei he pūnaha o tohu iwi e whakamahia ana ki te whakatika i te reo o te kupu. kaimahi te pukapuka hei pūnaha kōrero motuhake he maha o ngā mahi motuhake. E whakarato ana i te whai wāhi ki te farii i me te whakawhenumi i te matauranga, me te wheako i riro e te whakatupuranga o mua, whakawhänui te hōkai o te kōrero te tangata. Pānui i te tuhinga, whiwhi katoa i te whai wāhi ki te pa ki te hītori o te taata nei, ki te taa i tona ahurea, taiao o waho, me te ao i roto. Hei pe si◊aki te hiranga o te tuhi i tenei ra e taea. Ngā mihi ki a ia, ako kore anake te tangata i te rota o hou, te tuatahi o katoa, e matau ia ia.

Ko te āhuatanga matua o te reo tuhituhi takoto i roto i te meka e, pērā waha, e kore e orahia te reira i roto i te wa, engari i roto i te wāhi pateko. hanga te reta e taea ki te whakaaro i te kaituhi o reira, haere hoki ki te kua tuhituhia, te huri i te kupu, hanga i te tono ki te tango whakakapi i te whitinga katoa, ki te whakamārama, te rapu i te awhina o papakupu me kīwaha ranei.

maha mano o nga tau, i roto i nei te wa ke reira āta, te whakawhanake, whiwhi puka hou e te hītori o te tuhituhi. pā ana te putanga o te pukapuka kei te ki te nunaa Sumerian, Living-rima mano nga tau ki muri te rohe i waenganui i nga awa Uparati, a Hirekere. Ko reira i roto i enei wahi, whaipara kitea urupa tawhito o te tuhituhi - papa paru ki whakapakoko rerekē. Enei kitenga whakaaro e ahu te reo tuhituhi 3,500 tau BC

E rave rahi pūtaiao o to tatou wa ngana ki te kīa inscriptions onamata, whakapono e taea e ratou te whakarato mōhiohio e pā ana ki te kore noa te ora me te ahurea o te ao ko ratou kaituhi, engari ano hoki ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te ahua o te tangata rite te katoa nei te mau melo.

Ki te tawhito momo o tuhituhi pā pictography, tuhituhi pikitia ranei. Ka rite ki mohiotia te, te tuatahi he pikitia o te faufaa rahi i roto i te ora o te iwi onamata , a whakaaturia anake i te kau o tikanga makutu. Na ka anga ratou ki te whakamahi i ratou mo te whakatika me te tuku o te mōhiohio. e pā ana mohiotia tuhituhi tawhito Ihipiana ki te pūnaha tuhituhi logographic ( "waitohu" - kupu), whakaaro te wa o tona takenga te ki 2-3 mano tau BC

I roto i tona hanganga kupu tuhituhi kua riro te reira i roto i te maha o ngā wāhanga: i nga peita ana me papa paru ki te reo hou, me ona matatini hanganga tono, tahuri o kīanga, me ētahi atu Whakarōpū reira tino kanorau. Ko te kupu, kia rite ki te tetahi o ratou, kua nga momo e whai ake nei o te tuhi ngā momo te taata:

• frazografiya - te momo matamua o te tuhituhi e e tuku pārongo mā te whakamahi i ngā pūāhua motuhake, me tohu whakaahua kahore wehewehe i te reira ki kupu takitahi me ngā kīanga;
• logograph - reta, whakawhitihia mōhiohio i te tikanga o ngā tohu e tohu ana i te kupu takitahi;
• morfemografiya - tuhituhi, haere ki te kupu mā te whakamahi i morfemogramm - te pūāhua whakairoiro motuhake;
• sillabografiya - Kūoro, te tuhituhi e pā ana ki te wehenga o kupu ki ōna wāhanga motuhake;
• phonography - oro reta whakairoiro (kore ki te e raruraru ki te wā hauora mō te rēhitatanga o amuamu ngakau).

E ai ki tetahi atu whakarōpū, ka mau te tuhituhi wahi i roto i ona wāhanga hanganga pērā i pictographs mua-i tuhituhia, te whakakotahi i, ideography tahito me te, i roto i te meka, he pukapuka, ka rite ki matou whakamahia ki te kite, matini haapurororaa ranei. Kalamafoni ngā nga momo e whai ake nei o te tuhituhi: kupu-Haupū, Haupū me te pūrārangi.

He wā kaiputaiao rite maha rite 5000 reo. I 1/3 o ratou kua ona ake reo tuhituhi me te tuhinga. He Latin te tuhituhi te nuinga noa hou (e whakamahia ai e pā ana ki 40% o te taupori ao). He hauwhā o te iwi katoa i runga i te whenua e whakamahia i roto i te tuhi ana pūāhua Hainamana. atu Cyrillic ki 18% o te rohe whenua (tae atu ki Russia). rerekē rerekē o te tuhituhi Indian taea te kitea i roto i India, Nepal, Thailand ko Laos. Kua horahia e tuhituhi paerikiriki iwi te nuinga i roto i te kawanatanga o Haina me ngā wāhanga o Mongolia.