... āhuatanga whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga, pitihāoratanga

āhuatanga, pitihāoratanga o ngota takitahi me ngā katote e he take nui i roto i te matū hou. āwhina ana tēnei rauemi ki te whakamārama i te mahi o nga mea timatanga me matū ki te whakahaere i te whakarite taipitopito o te āhuatanga matū o te ngota rerekē.

He aha te mea te kaihoko oxidizing

E rave rahi mau fifi i roto i te matū, tae atu ki ngā pātai whakamātautau o te whakamātautau kāwanatanga kotahi i roto i te kōeke 11, ko Jeg i roto i te kōeke 9, e pā ana ki tenei ariā. whakaaro te piti hāora te ngota ranei ngā katote, i roto i te akoranga o te ngā matū manako irahiko i tētahi atu katote ngota ranei. Ki te tātari tatou hiahia nga āhuatanga oxidizing o ngota pūnaha wā o Mendeleev. I roto i te wā, e kua kei roto i te tepu i mahue ki matau, te kaha oxidizing o nga piki ngota, arā, te whai i te āhuatanga kore-konganuku rite. heke te subgroups nui tawhā rite ki raro. I roto i te tino kaha o matū ohie he he kaha oxidizing, arahi pūkōwhai. He wā pērā i "electronegativity", he reira taea ki te tango i tētahi ngota i roto i te take o te pāhekoheko matū o te irahiko e whakaaro ai faaauhia te āhuatanga oxidative. I roto i ngā matū matatini e ngā o ngā huānga matū e rua, neke atu rānei e taea te whakaaro hāora kanapa: pāhare pāporo, pāporo chlorate, pekerangi.

He aha te mea te hāora

Whakaiti āhuatanga angamaheni mō ngota o matū ohie whakaahua āhuatanga konganuku. I roto i wā o te taka pūmotu i roto i te āhuatanga konganuku, mahue ngoikore, me i roto i subgroups nui (poutū), koe'uhi ko ratou. Ko te ngako o te ora i roto i te pānga o te irahiko, e kei i runga i te taumata pūngao waho. Ko te nui te maha o ngā anga irahiko (taumata), te māmā ki te unga i roto i te pāhekoheko matū o te "anō" irahiko.

āhuatanga whakaiti pai i hohe (alkali, te whenua kawakore) konganuku. I tua atu, matū whakaahua tawhā rite e wehewehe te waikura whanariki (6), te waro haukura. I roto i te tikanga ki te tiki i te tohu mōrahi o hāora, i ki te whakaatu whakaiti āhuatanga te pūhui.

Ko te tukanga piti hāora

Ki te, i roto i te pāhekoheko matū o te ngota katote ranei ngaro irahiko ki tetahi atu ngota (katote), e pā ana ki te tukanga o te piti hāora. Hoki te tātaritanga o te āhua o huringa whakaiti āhuatanga me kaha oxidative, e hiahiatia ana ngā āhuatanga o te taka pūmotu, me te matauranga o ture o te ahupūngao o nāianei.

tukanga whakaora

tukanga whakaiti ngā te whakatamarikitanga o katote irahiko ranei e ngota atu ngota (katote) i roto i ngā matū tika. āpiha whakaiti pai he nitrites, whākawa o konganuku alkali. Whakaiti āhuatanga o ngā āhuatanga i roto i te pūnaha te huri ngā āhuatanga rite ki matū ohie whakarewa.

Hātepe tātari TUHIR

I roto i te tikanga ki rite tauhohe matū o te ākonga ki te whakarite i te tau whakarea, me te whakamahi koe i te hātepe motuhake. āhuatanga, pitihāoratanga te whakaoti i te momo o ngā mahi hoahoa i roto i te tātari, organic, matū whānui. Order whakahere tetahi tātaritanga o te tauhohenga:

1. Tuatahi, he mea nui ki te tautuhi i ia huānga kāwanatanga pitihāoratanga e wātea ana, te whakamahi i te ture.
2. Next tautuhi aua ngota ranei katote, e kua puta ke o ratou āhua pitihāoratanga ki kia whai wāhi i roto i te tauhohenga.
3. Tohu "tango" me "me" tohu i te maha o te maka tangohia i roto i te tauhohe matū o te irahiko noa.
4. I tua atu, i waenganui takoto te maha o ngā irahiko e te iti noa maha, i.e. he tau tōpū e ko whakanoho te wehewehe i whakaae, ka tuku irahiko.
5. Na ka te wehea reira ki irahiko whai wāhi i roto i te tauhohe matū.
6. Next, whakatau tatou rite nei katote ranei ngota i whakaiti āhuatanga, me te whakatau hāora.
7. I te wā whakamutunga o te tau whakarea roa'tu i roto i EQ.

Hoatu tikanga o te toenga hiko, ki te tuu i te tau whakarea i roto i te kaupapa tauhohenga hoatu:

NaMnO ₄ + waikawa + hauwai pungatara sulfide = S + Mn SO ₄ + ... + ...

Hātepe ki te whakaoti i tenei raruraru

kitea tatou i roto i rite te mea kia hanga e i muri i te pāhekoheko o te mea. Mai te kua āpitihāora te tauhohenga (e konupora ratou) a tautuhi whakaiti kaihoko (ka waiho reira whanariki) taonga i hanga e kore e nei te huri i te tohu o te piti hāora. Mai e wahi te tauhohenga matua i waenganui i te tote me te waikawa hāora-kei roto kaha, ka tetahi o te mutunga taonga ka hei wai, me te rua o nga - konutai tote, atu ïa, te konutai pūkawa.

Kia hoki tatou inaianei kaupapa me te whakatamarikitanga o te irahiko:

- Mn ⁺⁷ e 5 e = Mn ^+2.

Ko te wāhanga tuarua o te kaupapa:

- S ^-2 = S ⁰ otdaet2e

hoatu e tatou ki roto ki te auau tauhohe tuatahi, e kore wareware ki haapoto i te ngota whanariki katoa i roto i nga taha o te whārite.

2NaMnO ₄ + 5H ₂ S + 3H ₂ SO ₄ = 5s + 2MnSO ₄ + 8H ₂ E + Na ₂ SO _4.

Pāhi TUHIR whai wāhi hauwai

Hoatu ana te TUHIR tātari hātepe e taea taurite te tauhohenga matū:

hauwai + waikawa pungatara + pāhare pāporo permagnanat = Mn SO ₄ + hāora + ... + ...

ke hāora katote hāora (hauwai) me te māraa konupora ki te pāhare pāporo. Ko, he kaihoko whakaiti me te kaihoko oxidizing, he tatou reira.

Tautuhi he aha te rauemi tonu e taea tupu i muri i te pāhekoheko. Ko tētahi o ratou ko wai, mārama te i faahoho'ahia e te tauhohenga i waenga i te waikawa me te tote. e kore pāhare pāporo hanga i te taonga hou, ka pāhare pāporo i te hua tuarua tote, ara pūkawa, rite te tauhohe haere ki te waikawa pungatara.

Driving:

2Kia ^- 2 ^homai irahiko me puta ki e ₂ ⁰ 5

MN ⁺⁷ 5 e tango irahiko me riro te katote 2 MN ⁺²

hoatu matou reiti.

5H ₂ E ₂ + 3H ₂ SO ₄ + 2KMnO = 5o _{2 4} + 2Mn SO ₄ + 8H ₂ E + K ₂ SO ₄

TAUIRA TUHIR pāhi ki te konurehu pākati pūmura

Mā te whakamahi i te tikanga o te toenga hiko, whakapumautia he whārite ki tau whakarea:

FeCl ₂ + pūmāota waikawa + konurehu pākati pūmura = FeCl ₃ + CrCl ₃ + ... + ...

rino Kua huria hāora kāwanatanga (rino pūhaumāota i roto i II) me te chromium katote i roto i pāhare pāporo bichromate.

Na tamata tatou ki te feruri i roto i te mea i ētahi atu matū e hanga e. kia waiho tetahi he tote. Ka rite ki te pāhare pāporo kore e hanga e tetahi pūhui kupu te hua tuarua ko te tote konurehu, atu ïa, pūhaumāota, no te mea ka mau te tauhohe wahi ki te waikawa pūmāota.

Ki te tūtohi:

Fe ⁺² e tuku e = Fe ⁺³ 6 hāora

2Cr ⁺⁶ 6 e tango e = 2Cr ⁺³ 1 oxidizer.

tū tatou i te tau whakarea i roto i te tauhohenga tuatahi:

6K ₂ Cr ₂ E ₇ + FeCl ₂ + 14HCl = 7h ₂ E + 6FeCl ₃ + 2CrCl ₃ + 2KCl

TAUIRA TUHIR pāhi ki te konurehu konutawa

Patu ki nga ture, whakapumautia te whārite:

pāhare + pungatara waikawa + konurehu konutawa, konupora pūkawa + ... iodo + ... + ...

ke āhua pitihāoratanga konupora me te konutawa. Ko te hāora, me te āpitihāora e kitea.

Na kitea tatou i roto i roto i te mutunga kua tatou i hanga. Ka whai pāhare pāporo te pūhui, i.e. whiwhi pāhare pāporo pūkawa.

tukanga whakaiti puta i roto i te katote iodine.

Puka te kaupapa whakawhitinga irahiko:

- Mn ⁺⁷ 5 e tango e = Mn ⁺² 2 Ko te kaihoko oxidizing,

^- 2E - homai E = ahau 2 ₂ ⁰ 5 Ko te kaihoko whakaiti.

whakarite tatou i te tau whakarea i roto i te tauhohe tuatahi, i te kore wareware ki haapoto i te ngota whanariki katoa i roto i te whārite.

210KI + KMnO ₄ + 8H ₂ SO ₄ = 2MnSO ₄ + 5I ₂ + 6K ₂ SO ₄ + 8H ₂ E

TAUIRA TUHIR pāhi ki te konutai sulfite

Mā te whakamahi i te tikanga puāwaitanga, te utu tatou ake kaupapa mo te whārite:

- pungatara waikawa + KMnO ₄ + ... konutai sulfite, te konutai pūkawa, konupora pūkawa + ... + ... +

I muri te tauhohe i whiwhi konutai te wai tote.

Ki te tūtohi:

- Mn ⁺⁷ 5 e tango e = Mn ⁺² 2

- S ⁺⁴ 2 e tuku e = S ⁺⁶ 5.

whakarite tatou i te tau whakarea i roto i tēnei tauhohenga e kore e wareware ki te hoatu i te ngota whanariki i roto i te whakatakoto tau whakarea.

3H ₂ SO ₄ + 2KMnO ₄ + 5Na ₂ SO ₃ = K ₂ SO ₄ + 2MnSO ₄ + 5Na ₂ SO ₄ + 3H ₂ O.

TAUIRA pāhi TUHIR ki te hauota

Whakaotia te mahi e whai ake nei. Mā te whakamahi i te hātepe, i whai ahua ai tatou he whārite tauhohenga oti:

- konupora pākawa + te waikawa hauota + PbO ₂ = HMnO ₄ + Pb (KORE _{3) 2} +

Kia tātari tatou he aha te taonga noa ngā puka. Mai i tū te tauhohenga i waenga i te kaihoko oxidizing kaha, me te tote, ka te taonga, ko te wai.

Ka whakaatu matou i te huringa i roto i te maha o ngā irahiko:

- Mn ⁺² 5 e tuku e = Mn ⁺⁷ 2 whakaaturanga nga āhuatanga o te kaihoko whakaiti,

- Pb ⁺⁴ 2 e tango e = Pb ⁺² 5 oxidizer.

3. whakarite tatou i te tau whakarea i roto i te tauhohe tuatahi, āta tāpiri ake katoa te reira hauota i roto i te taha ki maui o te whārite tuatahi:

- 2Mn (NO _{3) 2} + 6HNO ₃ + 5PbO ₂ = 2HMnO ₄ + 5Pb (KORE _{3) 2} + 2H ₂ O.

I roto i tenei tauhohenga, e kore e āhuatanga whakaiti whakakitea hauota.

He tauira tuarua o te tauhohe pitihāoratanga ki hauota:

Zn + waikawa pungatara + HNO ₃ = ZnSO ₄ + KORE + ...

- Zn ⁰ 2 e tuku e = Zn ⁺² 3 e whakaiti kaihoko,

N ⁺⁵ 3 e tango e = N ⁺² 2 Ko te āpitihāora.

tuu tatou i te tau whakarea i roto i te tauhohenga tomu'a:

3Zn + 3H ₂ SO ₄ + 2HNO ₃ = 3ZnSO ₄ + 2NO + 4H ₂ O.

Ko te hiranga o te tauhohe pitihāoratanga

Ko te tauhohenga pai-mohiotia whakaiti - ahotakakame, he whakato angamaheni. Me pēhea te ki te huri i te āhuatanga o te ora? Puta ana te tukanga i roto i te ao koiora, arata'i te reira ki te hua i roto i te pūngao ki te pūtake o waho. Ko tenei pūngao, me te whakamahi hoki ratou hiahia o te tangata. Tauira o oxidizing me whakaiti tauhohe e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga matū, he o faufaa ngā faafariuraa pūhui o hauota, waro, te hāora. Na roto i te ahotakakame kōhauhau o te whenua kua te hanganga taua e hiahiatia ana e te mo te whanaketanga o kaiao ora. Na roto i te ahotakakame e kore ake i te hauhā i roto i te casing rangi, e kore e overheated te mata o te whenua. Te tipu whakawhanake kore anake i roto i, pitihāoratanga tauhohe, engari te hiahiatia ngā puka taua matū ki te tangata, pērā i te hāora, te kūhuka. Te kore tenei tauhohe matū kore e taea e te huringa ki tonu i te mea i roto i te natura, me te te oraraa o te ora organic.

tono Practical TUHIR

I roto i te tikanga ki te mau tonu i te mata whakarewa, he mea e tika ana ki te mohio e kua whakaiti āhuatanga konganuku kaha, koia ko reira taea ki te taupoki ana i te apa mata i runga i te huānga hohe, ko te kupu tērā i te tukanga o te te waikura matū. Nā ki te āhuatanga, pitihāoratanga i horoi me te disinfection o te wai inu. e kore e taea te whakatika E kore tetahi raruraru i waho ka whakanohoia tika i roto i te tau whakarea whārite. I roto i te tikanga ki te karo hapa, he mea nui ki te whai i te whakaaro e pā ana ki te tawhā, pitihāoratanga katoa.

Parenga ki te waikura matū

Ngā wero ki te ora te tangata, me te mahi ko te waikura. Ka rite ki te hua o te faafariuraa matū o te kore whakarewa, ngaro ratou wahi motokā mahi, taputapu mīhini. I roto i te tikanga ki te whakatika i te raruraru taua, mā te whakamahi i tiaki patunga, he apa whakarewa paninga o te wanihi peita tono alloys anticorrosive ranei. Hei tauira, hipoki mata maitai e ki te apa o te whakarewa hohe - konumohe.

mutunga

He momo o tauhohenga whakaiti puta i roto i te tinana, te whakarite i te mahi noa o te pūnaha kūnatu. Taua tukanga ora taketake rite FERMENTATION, putrefaction, respiration, e pā ana hoki ki te whakaiti āhuatanga. Whai āhuatanga rite, mea katoa e noho i runga i to tatou paraneta. Te kore te tauhohenga ki te tainga me te whakaaetanga o irahiko e kore e taea te mahi koura, hanga ahumahi o te haukini, kawakore, waikawa. I roto i te tikanga matū tātari katoa e hāngai ana tātari rōrahi kei i runga i te tukanga, pitihāoratanga. Whawhai ki taua āhuatanga kino o te waikura matū, kua hāngai hoki ki runga ki te matauranga o enei tukanga.