Alexander 2: Mātauranga Reform (poto). Ko te take, ko te uara o te pai me ngā raruraru o whakahounga mātauranga o Alexander 2

Kawea atu i roto i te kingitanga o Alexander 2 faafariuraa i nunu'a nui mo Russia o aua wa. nga tamariki e kore e anake, engari ano hoki nga to'utangata emepera tuhia rite te hanganga pai o Alexander 2 mo te whanaketanga o te kāwanatanga, me te tōraro.

Ko te tūturu o te whakahou

i muri tonu i te rironga ki te torona i roto i te Hui-tanguru 1855 - te ra i muri i te matenga o tona papa, Emperor Nicholas 2 - 2 hanga Alexander mārama reira ki tona kaupapa, e matau ana, i roto i nei te wa ka whai ia ki te tohutohu i, a kua tae mai te huru o te whenua ki a ia. kī ia tenei i roto i tona kupu tuatahi i rite te emepera i mua o te mau melo o te Kaunihera State. āhuatanga pāpori me te tōrangapū i roto i Russia i taua wa i matara atu i te pūmau, me te riirii tipu. Ko reira tika ki te whakaoti hohoro te maha o ngā take tōrangapū tika matatini, e rua roto, o waho, ki te kawe mai i te whenua i roto i o raruraru.

He kore Crimean War arahina ki te rärangi o te pūnaha pūtea, me te wehe te ao oti o Russia. Whakatipu pouri i roto i te hanahana, me te poari whakahaere tikanga i o rangatira matua me taangata hei o te emepera i roto i nga kawanatanga. te kitenga o te iwi e hiahiatia huringa te, a ko rite ki te whai i tetahi rangatira, ki te korerotia e ia ki te hoatu ki a ratou. Ko te horapa o te kaupapa kaiwhakatuma i whakaaetia i roto i te hapori me te mea he tautohe ki tona arikitanga tawhitotia. whakahou mātauranga o Alexander 2, te timatanga o nei I whakatakotoria te reira i roto i te tau wawe o tona kingitanga, mo ki etahi wa ata noho ahi te hinengaro o te iwi taitamariki ahu whakamua-whakaaro, engari e kore e hoki te roa. I roto i te mutunga, ka hinga pārurenga te kingi ki te whakatakotoria ana o nga tangata, i roto i te noa'tu o ratou whakaaro pai.

pōuri ākonga ki te whakahou

I roto i nga tau tata nei, te kingitanga o Nicholas 2 i roto i te hapori ākonga, ngenge i te tikanga whakangungu pakeke, me te ara o te ora, ko kua i runga i nga tohu tuatahi o te tutu papatipu heke mai. Ko te huringa o te rangatira, aru e etahi whakangā i roto i te oraraa o ngā ākonga, te whakahaere hou i nga whare wānanga o pane e rua tetahi wahi utu amuamu tarewa. Ko te take mo te hanganga o Alexander 2, tae atu te mātauranga, ko te kore anake i roto i tenei ranei e noa pakaru atu hui - i reira ko he maha o huru.

pōuri ākonga Small, i tohua e Moscow i 1858, i meinga e kuware me tactlessness pirihimana mau fuu runga i te kainga, me te puhoi tenei, ia ia e haea tamarikitanga tere ahu whakamua ki te heke mai hihiri. Na roto i te raruraru kaupapa here ki te pirihimana i taua wa i kahore ki te mahi a ka whiua e te Emepara - whakahenga mo ratou te, tukua Alexander te raupapa tiakina, engari na te tīmatanga nga 60raa riro te pato'iraa te huru o te hapori Russian me wānanga. Ākonga whakautu ki te pakeke o te taiao me te mātauranga whakahou ka Alexander 2. poto e taea te whakaahuatia reira rite tenei: te tikanga tawhito, i roto i te mana mai 1835, i whakakapia ki te kotahi hou, paheke Nicholas henchmen i roto i te parahiraa o Rector noho whare wānanga taangata hei Alexander.

Mātauranga mo te katoa

I te timatanga o 1861 i reira kua etahi kaupapa taketake mō te whenua, e te nuinga whakaritea te akoranga o te kingitanga o te kingi hou: bezdnenskaya kino, whakakeke ākonga hou o peasants ki te mate, whakapataritari pirihimana, te rangirua, e kua mohio a e hapori, ara te maiki tino iti i roto i te whenua. Ko te initiator o te nuinga whakahounga, i tīmata i roto i te tau wawe o nga 60raa, ko Alexander ia 2. whakahounga Mātauranga i tino huri te ture o te ako i ngā whare wānanga, ngā kura motuhake, ki te taea kaiahuwhenua tamariki ki te ako ki te pānui i me te tuhituhi. i oaoa whakaaetia hanganga mātauranga me te hawhe wahine o te taupori - kua riro te reira kitea e ka tuwhera ki a ratou kia hohoro me mātauranga whakanōhanga. Tae noa te kingitanga o Alexander te 2 kotiro i mau utuafare rangatira riro te mātauranga e tika ana ki to ratou mana i te kāinga, i roto i nga kaihokohoko, e piá 'me nga whare peasants' i taua trifles rite te kaha o ngā tamariki ki te pānui me te tuhituhi anake i te mau metua torutoru tiaki.

Whanaketanga o te tūtohinga kaupapa heke mai

Na roto i te hinga o 1861, i whakaaetia e te Alexander whiwhi i te marama torutoru i mua i te ture whare wānanga. Ki te heke mai o te tūtohinga, kahore i roto i te noa a ratou, a ka kua whakawhanakehia kua hoki te whakataki o te rangitahi, heoi mahi i runga i ngā kaupapa e tika ana whakahounga nui-tauine i te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga.

I āta a feruri whakahaere Public Mātauranga Reform Alexander 2. ako ahorangi Russian te tikanga me te ahua o te whakangungu i roto i te whare wānanga Pākehā pai, i whakaritea nei mo tenei whakaaro. Katoa o ratou whanaketanga mō marama kōrerohia e rangatira, pūtaiao tairanga me kaitōrangapū rongonui. I tonoa e te tauira ki ngā whare mātauranga, e kore anake Russia, engari ano hoki i roto i te tahi mau whenua Western. I tū kōrero whānui i roto i te press i manakohia atawhai ia whakahounga Alexander 2. Mātauranga, nga pai me ngā raruraru o e meinga tautohetohe wera, heoi kua whāngai, ka whakatinanatia puta noa te whenua. ka mau ratou hainatanga wahi i runga i te 18 o Hune 1863.

Āhuatanga o te Tūtohinga o te Whare Wānanga me te mau hopearaa o tona whakatinanatanga

Hoki ki te hiahia kawe i te taua huringa tuwhena ki nga hiahia me te kingi, a ka rēhitatia i te wa ano, etahi tikanga o te Tūtohinga anake auraa te democratization o te hapori ākonga. tukuna ratou ahorangi whakapumautia Corporation ki motuhake kaunihera terenga wai me tari, ko te kupu ia hau ākonga te whai wāhi ki te waihanga i ō rātou ake hononga ā-ture, e titore whare wānanga Western. I whakawhanakehia whakahou mātauranga o Alexander 2 tōna tikanga mo te whakapakoko Pākehā me te ahua, engari he iti te tetahi mea ki runga ki a ratou kihai i titiro rite.

Te feaa, mahi painga kauwhau eumiumi te haere, whai wāhi ki a ratou tūao, tirotiro tūmatanui o te poari o te whare wānanga. Whānui ka whakanekehia kore anake mātauranga, engari ano hoki i te wāhanga mātauranga o te whakaako. Ko te kore o te whaiaro kāwanatanga-ākonga, te tomonga o te tūao, ko wai i taea e ngāwari hutia roto i nga tini e kore he tonu maha riro te mau parau tumu volnodumskie whai hua te take mō te pōuri hou. Ko te take mo te hanganga o Alexander 2, i hāngai ki runga ki kāwanatanga hauarea, i roto i te meka, kihai i fakatonutonu, ka pā tenei ki te tikanga whare wānanga e kore anake.

whakahou mātauranga tuarua

Ki te whakanui koe i te whatunga o ngā kura tūmatanui i roto i Russia pūkete hoki mo nga tau 60 o te rau XIX. I tua atu ki ngā rerekētanga e kua pāngia te taiao whare wānanga, mātauranga whakahou Alexander 2 pānga wātea katoa i taua wa kura i reira ko nga tamariki whai wāhi i ngā momo katoa o te ora. mātauranga Tuarua inaianei taea te whiwhi i roto i ngā kura puāwaitanga kore anake, engari ano hoki i roto i ngā kura tūturu i roto i nei atu inarā whakaako pāngarau, me te pūtaiao. whakapono ētahi to'utangata enei kura whakahāwea pūnaha mātauranga, hanga anake hoki te iwi i te akomanga raro, io waenganui, i rite ratou kihai i whakahaere whakangungu reo atu i roto i te hākinakina puāwaitanga. I muri, kura tūturu paetahi kua mau i whakakahore uru ki ngā whare wānanga e tika ana ki te kore o te matauranga o reo.

Kei te whakaaro te reira he nui Alexander 2? Whakahounga Mātauranga i roto i tona kāwanatanga, hoatu te rave'a no te farii i te mātauranga tuarua tino atu tamariki atu i reira i te aroaro o taua mea, a ko reira te nuinga i te wā.

mātauranga Women o ki te hanganga o Alexander

Oddly nui, engari anake i te mutunga o te rau tau XIX mo te wa tuatahi korero e pā ana ki te whakatū o ngā kura kāwanatanga-fatuhia mō ngā kōtiro i roto i Russia. Institutions, i reira i ratou i te whai wāhi ki te kia kuraina tamahine o rangatira, tuatahi puta i roto i Catherine 2, engari ko ratou torutoru, tino hira kihai ratou i whakamahi hoki o te pai-whakapumautia i te wa o te mau parau tumu o te kore ōritenga ira i roto i nei wahine e parea ki te tūranga o te whānau, me te whaea anake.

E āhuatanga ke manapori Alexander 2 - whakahou mātauranga, i whakaaro ia kahore iti nui atu i te whakakāhoretanga o serfdom, atu ki ngā kōtiro. Ko te atu kotiro e take o te wahine, e i roto i aua tau e hoko piki noa i roto i te hapori, kaha kore tautoko emancipated anake - ite ratou faufaa tūmatanui rite tokomaha o te hawhe ataahua. I roto i te tau 1859, tata pa Russian katoa i whakatuwheratia kura wahine. patronized ratou ia Empress Maria Alexandrovna.

Mai i te whakakāhoretanga o serfdom ki te whakangungu o te kaiahuwhenua tamariki

haere ki raro Alexander 2 Te Emperor i hītori rite "Te Liberator." Ko te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom, i kawea atu ki a ia, ahua taumarumaru iho te toenga o te huringa o tona kingitanga, a he tokomaha i reira nga. E kore te mea - te taua whakahou mātauranga tūmatanui Alexandra 2 take ki te hoatu ki a ia te ingoa o "pūwhakamārama"?

I roto i te intelligentsia, i roto i te tua ki ngā take o te wahine, kōrero te pānga o te putanga o te peasants i te kaiwhakarēti, me to ratou whakarau atu. Ngaahi Fakakaukau e pā ana ki nga hiahia o te whakahaere o te mātauranga tuatahi mō tautohe kaiahuwhenua tamariki ko tata - te hiahia mō te whakangungu ratou hinengaro uru āhua marama raru. E whakaratohia maha tauira rite te poto Mikhail Lomonosov pūtaiao Russian, whakarau i he pera mīharo, me te ahurei. He faatura hohonu hoki ia, a ka ua kua whakahounga Alexander 2. Mātauranga tuwhera ki maha kaiahuwhenua tamariki ki te ao o te matauranga. kaitautoko nui o te mātauranga o te iwi ko Turgenev, e whakaarohia ana tona kaupapa ki te hanga i tētahi komiti reo matatini, i whakaaetia e te kingi.

Ko te hiranga hītori o huringa whakaurua i te kingitanga o Alexander

I tua atu, Alexander 2 whakakorea te serfdom, whakaaetia a hainatia he tikanga mātauranga hou, pau he whakahou mātauranga tonu i roto i tona whakatutukitanga, i reira e te tahi atu huringa nui e pa te katoa o te hapori Russian. I runga i nga tau 1862-1863 kaute mo te whakatamarikitanga o huringa whakahaere i roto i nga rauemi pūtea o te State i te tau 1865-th - te ture press. Reform - kāwanatanga, te ture, hōia - kua kua whakaaetia e te hapori i roto i ara rerekē, engari me mohio ratou e te katoa. Kei i whakatinana katoa rite te tikanga, engari te meka o huringa me whakahounga pai o Alexander 2 mo te whanaketanga atu o te whenua, ko te reira uaua ki te mohio ki. Kia etahi o ratou e hoatu aromatawai rerekē i tenei ra, engari i runga i te roto me te i runga i te ao te ao Russia i te tau o Alexander 2 he kaha.