Alexander, te Duke Grand. Ko te hītori o te Empire Russian

Grand Duke whanau Romanov Alexander Mikhailovich i April 13, 1866 i roto i Tiflis. kua nuinga o tona ora kua pā ana ki te whanaketanga o te Navy me Air Force. Tenei mema o te whare kingi mahara ratou kaupapa hoahoa, poto-ora kaiārahi o hokohoko moana, me kaha i roto i te wā o te hekenga i muri i te Pakanga Civil.

Childhood me te taiohitanga

Ko te Duke Grand te tama a Mikhail Nikolayevich me tama o te emepera Nicholas I. Tsar Alexander III, ko ia he whanaunga. Te ariki whakamutunga, ko Nicholas II tona-irāmutu nui. whaea o Alexander - Olga Fedorovna - ko te Tiamana i te whanau. ko ia te tamahine a Duke Leopold o Baden.

Ka rite ki te tamaiti, i te torutoru hoa tata nga heke mai Tsar Nicholas II. Ko tētahi o ratou i whakaaro ki Alexander. Ko te Grand Duke me te kainga ki te torona ko tata te taua tau ki te rerekētanga o ngā tau e rua. Ka rite ki maha māngai iti o te Whare o Romanov, kua whiriwhiria Alexander he mahi hōia. haina ia i roto i te Marine Metropolitan College, te wahi puta ia i roto i 1885. riro te tangata taitama te ana'iraa o te āpiha whakamana, ka tahuri atu ki te kia whakauru i roto i te tiaki. kihai i kōpeka te kōwhiringa. Kaitiaki ko te wahi manuao whaimana o te wahi o te Imperial Guard.

World tour

I roto i te 1886, ka haere Romanov Aleksandr Mihaylovich ki circumnavigate te ao, tīmata atu rite te midshipman. taiawhiotia Grand Duke te ao i runga i bronepalubnom Corvette "pere." I te Kirihimete ko Iwi, tomo te kaipuke nga wai rohe o te Brazil tawhiti. ara utua Alexander he haerenga mōhiohio i roto i Gdańsk Emperor Pedro II. tutaki Monarch te āheinga Russian i roto i tona noho tipu Petropolis, te wahi tatari kōmata raumati tonga wera. o tau Just te tokorua, ahuatanga Pedro, a ka meinga Brazil te käwanatanga.

hanga e te Duke Grand he mutu i roto i 'Afilika Tonga. I reira ka mohio ia ki te ora, me te pakeke mahi o kaimahi Tatimana. Mai i Cape timata Town te whakawhitinga roa "Rynda" - i roto i Singapore. Te kaipuke pau i roto i te moana tuwhera 45 ra, i roto i nei te wa e kore i tona tāngata kite he tīwhiri o tata whenua. E ai ki nga pukapuka o Alexander Mikhailovich, ko nga whare tuarua i roto i te Chinatown o Singapore te ana mua, te wahi i nga i aroha o te tarukino ka rongonui.

Tona whanaunga huritau 21 ka tutaki te kingi i runga i tona ara ki Hong Kong. Na ka pau ia e pā ana ki e rua nga tau i roto i Nagasaki, i reira ka haere ki te haerenga ki India, Ahitereiria me te Philippines. I roto i Japan, te Duke Grand tae mai Gdańsk emepera, me te ara ako nga taketake o te reo ā-rohe. "Rynda" ka hoki ki a Europa i roto i te puna o 1889, i muri i haere i roto i te Suez i Ihipa. I mua a koutou te tiki i roto i te whare, te Duke Grand tae mai te āheinga o Kuini Wikitoria, i mau ia Romanov me manuhiri, ahakoa te wā uaua o whanaunga Ingarangi-Russian.

I Alexander Mikhailovich i ia tona yacht ake "Tamara". I reira, i hanga ano hoki e ia te maha o ngā haerenga. I roto i 1891, "Tamara" tae mai India. I muri noa iho ka te haerenga Alexander rangatira i runga i te kaipahua "whakaahuareka" I te tau 1893, ka haere ia, me te matua hoia ki Amerika Te Tai Tokerau. Manuao "Dmitry Donskoy" me ētahi atu kaipuke Russian i tonoa ki te Ao New i te take o te 400raa o tona kitea e Columbus.

te faaipoiporaa

I 1894 kua ko reira Alexander - te Duke Grand - ki te paetukutuku o te rūtene. I muri noa iho i tenei whakatairanga marenatia ia. ka Alexander ko tana wahine Xenia Alexandrovna. Te Duchess Grand ko te tuahine teina o Nicholas II. Ua ite oia tana tane heke mai mai tamarikitanga - tae mai wā ia Gatchina, te wahi i reira nga tama a Alexander III.

Pīrahi brunette roroa i anake te aroha taitamariki Xenia. Ko te tuatahi o ona mau mana'o, korerotia ana e ia tona teina Nicholas, e huaina i te hoa Alexander Sandro. ka mau Wedding o te Duke Grand me Grand Duchess wahi Hōngongoi 25, 1894 i roto i Peterhof. a e whitu tamariki te tokorua - tama ono me kotahi te tamahine (Irina, Andrei, Fedor, Nikita, Dmitri, Rostislav ko Basil).

Te tiaki i Navy

I roto i te 1891 ka timata Alexander ki te whakaputa i te whaiaronga "kaipuke", i riro vea tino paingia i roto i te kaipuke motu. I roto i te taua tau i mate tona whaea Olga Fedorovna. utua Grand Duke nui whakarongo ki te āhua o te Pacific Fleet. I roto i te tikanga ki te whakakaha i te reira, pau Alexander e rave rahi tau i roto i te faaineineraa o te hōtaka rautaki o tona ripeneta. I te aroaro o te tuhinga ki Nicholas II i 1895.

I pehi te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti - i roto i China reira nga whakararuraru a Japan tere hou, ka timata ki te titau i te taitara o te mana matua i roto i te rohe. E i raro i enei tikanga i ahau Alexander? whakaarohia Grand Duke ki puta i te meka e te whakawhanake tere Japan, maoro, whakapuaki whawhai i runga i Russia. I roto i tona tamarikitanga, pau ia e rua nga tau i roto i te Whenua o te ra Haké, a i roto i tenei wa i taea e kite roa te ahunga whakamua kua tae mai e i roto i te motu kingitanga wā poto.

Heoi, i karangatia faaararaa te Duke o Grand ki St Petersburg ritenga. no atu hōia nui-rangatira me ngā mema o te whare ki a Japan rite te hoariri ngoikore, a kihai i whakaaro i te hiahia ki te faaineine no te te pakanga uaua. whakaaturia Time kua i he ratou. Otiia, i kore tangohia te hōtaka. I tua atu, no te mea o te tautohenga e pā ana ki te heke mai o te kaipuke mutu ia i tonoa mai Alexander poto. hoki te Duke Grand ki te taviniraa i roto i 1898, hoko he rangatira i runga i te coastguard tama'i "General-Admiral Apraksin".

paetae engineering

Ratonga ki "Apraksin" Duke Grand hoatu wheako tino taonga, i hanga e te pūtake mo tona mahi hoahoa. I roto i te 1900, oti te hōia tuhi coastguard tama'i vaka tahi "Admiral Butakov". riro ia te ö o "Apraksin". Fakataha ki Alexander Mikhailovich mahi ia i runga i te tino kaupapa kaipūkaha o te whakapaipai tauranga o te kaipuke Dmitriy Skortsov.

Ko tētahi atu hua o te mahi engineering o te Duke Grand - he tama'i kaupapa ki te displacement o 14,000 taranata. riro ia ono pū. tukutahi ki Alexander Mikhailovich puta tētahi kaupapa ōrite i te mataaro pūkaha rongonui manuao Vittorio Kunibert. Tenei huahua ko te pūtake mo te hanganga o kaipuke o te piha haapiiraa "Regina Elena". Ko te rerekētanga i waenganui i ngā whakaaro Kunibert me te Duke Grand i anake i roto i te meka e te whakaaro o te Italian, i roto i te rerekē ki te rerekētanga Romanova, kua mohio i muri i te katoa.

Ko te Rünanga Käwanatanga o Minita

I roto i te 1903, i roto i te Duke Grand haere mai Alexander Mikhailovich rongo pai Palace. I whakatairangatia ana e ia ki a Rear Admiral. I mua ki te rua nga tau Grand Duke i te rangatira i runga i te tama'i "Rostislav". Na arotahi Alexander i runga i te taviniraa uiui. haere ana ia ki te Tari o Merchant Shipping Kaunihera. i whakakikitia e Arehanera, e te kingi ki te tahuri i te ti'amâraa. I roto i te Whiringa 1902, kua riro te Kaunihera te General Directorate o Shipping Merchant me Tauranga, me te mau - Tāhuhu.

Ko te mastermind me tino kaiwawao o te ti'amâraa hou ko ia Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich. Ko te kaipuke Russian i roto i te hiahia o te whare motuhake e e tiaki ona ngā pānga hokohoko, whakaaro Romanov. Heoi, noa'tu eaha te pai-whakaaro-ārahi rangatira ranei, i ia ki te kanohi pato'iraa toe minita iti. kihai ratou i rite e te mema o te uri kingi ka whakaurua i te mahi o te kāwanatanga. Tata tahuri katoa te Cabinet pato'iraa ki Alexander Mikhailovich. i ana hoa ratou pai ki te kukume i te Hiha ki te tareka te Whakahaere General. mahi tenei i roto i 1905. Ko te kupu, ko te Duke Grand me te tamaiti kihai i muri e toru nga tau.

Ko te whawhai ki a Japan

C taeraa mai o Russian-Japanese War, te Navy o te Russian Empire fehangahangai he wero nui. Alexander, e hoatu ki a ia te nuinga o tona ora, ka mau te wahi kaha i roto i taua pakanga. ka mau ia tiaki o ngā mahi, me te oko tautoko whakangungu puritia e te Volunteer Fleet. Na ka i haere ratou he komiti ki te whakarite i te kohinga o ngā takoha ki te whakapakari i te rērere hōia.

I roto i te 1905, e whai ake nei i te whakakorenga o tona ake mahi minita, ka Alexander te rangatira o te ropu o kaipahua me fakasio, taku, ua faaue i roto i te rongoā iwi. A, no te whakatika te pātai o te tuku i te matua hoia tuarua Kiwa ki nga takutai o te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti, ka korero i roto i te Duke Grand ki tenei whakatau, whakaaro kaipuke rite iti. Ahakoa i muri i te mutunga o te Pakanga Russian-Japanese-matua keke nui o te kingi, ka mau ia ki tetahi wahi i roto i te faaineineraa o ngā hōtaka, me te mahere ki te hanga i te pakaru i roto i te pakanga manuao.

Admiral me te kaitiaki o te rererangi

I roto i 1909 ka te Duke Grand mono-admiral. I roto i te taua tau mate tona papa, Mikhail Nikolaevich. E rua tekau tau, ko ia te kawana o te Caucasus, ara i roto i '24 - te tiamana o te Kaunihera State. e ono tamariki a Mikhail, a noho Alexander, roa atu i tetahi o ona teina, me tuahine.

I roto i te 1915, ka te Duke Grand he admiral. Heoi, he āwangawanga ona mahi e kore kaipuke anake. Kua mahi Alexander he rota mo te whanaketanga o te aeronautics motu. Ko reira i runga i tona kaupapa i roto i te 1910 i whakaturia Sevastopol āpiha kura rererangi. Ano, ko te rangatira o te ope rangi Imperial te-matua keke nui o te kingi. I roto i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, tirotirohia te Duke Grand nga kaipuke, me te manureva.

Ko te Revolution me te Pakanga Civil

Ko te revolution tanguru koimutu ke te ora o nga Romanovs katoa. i nekehia atu melo o te utuafare kingi i te ope. I tonoa Alexander Mikhailovich i mahi, i te pupuri i te kākahu. i whakaaetia te kāwanatanga wā ki a ia e ora i roto i tona ake whenua Crimean. he nekehanga wā ki te tonga whakaorangia tangata Romanova pea anake. Āpiti atu ki a ia i roto i te Crimea oho Xenia Alexandrovna me ratou tamariki.

kihai i Alexander waiho Russia noa te kau whakamutunga. I roto i te rave rahi taime Civil War Crimea haere i ringa ki te ringa. A, no te oho poto mana i runga i te kūrae ki te mua, ko nga Romanovs i te ati tahuti. Na ka haere mai Crimea raro mahi Tiamana. I muri i te rangimarie o Brest ona roa puritia e hoa ke o te Entente White. Ko e taimi ia Alexander ki tona whānau faaoti ki te waiho Russia. I roto i te Hakihea 1918, ka haere ia i runga i te kaipuke o Ingarangi ki France.

hekenga

I roto i Paris, ka Alexander he mema o te hui tōrangapū Russian. whakapumautia tenei hanganga i hoariri tikanga Soviet i roto i te tikanga ki te tohu i te ngākau nuitanga o tona whenua i te amuiraa Versailles. I te mutunga o 1918 mutu ai te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, me te inaianei te haere i te toa o te whenua ki te whakatau i te whakarau o Europe. Russia, i te aroaro o haere mai nga mua ki te mana i mahi tika ratou ohipa ki te Entente, i tangohia o kanohi i roto i Versailles mo te te rongo motuhake ki a Germany. tamata Supporters o te kaupapa ma ki te hopu maturuturu iho te kara i roto i, engari ki te kahore he pai. Alexander ia whakamahia ona rauemi katoa ki te whakapati mana ke ki te turaki i te mua, engari i rahua ano hoki.

Whakamātau ki te manene, e matau na koutou, ranei ki te kahore he pai. I roto i te tokomaha haere Grand Duke ki Europe, tumanako ki te hohoro hoki te kāinga. Ko ia matara atu i te he tangata koroheke, tata marere i runga i te paepae o rima tekau nga tau, a ka titiro atu ki te heke mai pai. Heoi, rite tahi atu manene ma, noho Alexander me tae noa ki tona mate i roto i te whenua ke. Tona wahi o te noho whiriwhiria e ia France.

Te Duke Grand ko te mema o maha rōpū manene. tiamana ia te Union o kaiurungi hōia Russian, a tangohia ana wahi i roto i ngā mahi whakaturia ake Petrom Vrangelem Russian Military Union. awhinatia Romanov maha tamariki i roto i te whakahekenga i roto i te tūranga tino whakaraerae.

haere nga tau whakamutunga o te ora o te whanaunga o Nicholas II ki te mahi o to ratou ake pukapuka. I roto i te mau haamana'oraa puka tā o te Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich ( "Tohi o Memories") i whakaputaina i roto i te 1933 i roto i te kaiwhakaputa Paris. i muri i te ahua o tona mahi i roto i te toa i mate te kaituhi hohoro. mate ia i runga i February 26, 1933 i roto i te pa huihui o Roquebrune i runga i te Cote d'Aturu. Alpes-Maritimes ka riro i te wahi okiokinga o nga toenga o te wahine o Grand Duke Xenia Alexandrovna. Kei te mahue ia i tana tane o 27 tau, ka mate a April 20, 1960 i roto i te Windsor Ingarangi.

Memoirs o te Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich tenei ra he tohu ngā huri noa te wa hītori te whenua o. I muri i te hinganga o Communism, te mahara o te Romanov i te kāinga, me te maha atu ngā māngai o te whare kingi, i te mutunga faaho'ihia mai. I roto i 2012, i roto i St Petersburg i reira he māhunga parahi. ka kaituhi o te pou i te toi me te mema o te Presidium o te Russian Academy o Toi Albert Charkin.