Animals i roto i te oneone. tangata oneone me ratou urutaunga ki te taiao

i hanga to tatou paraneta wha anga matua: huru, ōnuku, ao koiora me te lithosphere. Kei te tata tuati-katoa o ratou rite māngai biospheric takotoranga whenua - kararehe, tipu, microorganisms - taea kore te tīariari i waho hanga matū pērā i te wai me te hāora.

I tua atu i te lithosphere, cover oneone, me te tahi atu papa hohonu, e kore e taea te tīariari i roto i te noho taratahi. Ahakoa te meka e kore e taea e tatou e kite i te reira ki te kanohi tahanga, kapi te oneone te tino Inia. E anake ora taata i roto i te kore e ora i te reira! Ka rite ki tetahi kaiao ora, Me wai me te rangi ano hoki ratou.

He aha kararehe ora i roto i te oneone? Me pēhea e pā ratou tona hanganga, me pehea ki te urutau ki tenei taiao? I enei me ētahi atu pātai tamata tatou ki te whakahoki kupu i roto i tenei tuhinga.

He aha e te oneone?

Oneone - Ko reira anake te runga rawa, apa rawa pāpaku whakatu te lithosphere. Ko tōna hōhonu haere a tawhio noa 1-1.5 m. Ka tīmata te apa tino rerekē i roto i nei te manawa whenua rere.

Ko, te kahu hua o runga o te oneone - ko reira te wahi e noho rawa o ngā āhua, te rahi, me ngā tikanga o kaiao me ngā tipu kai. Oneone Ko Ko te tino taonga, me te kanorau te kaiao o kararehe.

Tenei wahi hanganga o te lithosphere rerekē. Hanganga o te apa oneone tei runga i ngā āhuatanga maha, matua i runga i nga tikanga ambient o te taiao. Na reira, rerekē hoki nga momo o te oneone (purupurua):

1. Podzolic me kohuatia-podzolic.
2. whenua Black.
3. Kohuatia.
4. Bog.
5. Podzolic-repo.
6. Malts.
7. Whakamanamana.
8. waimaori Tote.
9. Grey ngahere-steppe.
10. horomiti nei Tote.

Kei te hoatu tenei whakarōpū ki te rohe o Russia anake. I roto i ētahi atu whenua, fenua, wāhanga o te ao i reira e te tahi atu momo o te oneone (onepu, te uku, Tundra Arctic, te pararopi, me pera i runga i).

Ano, rerekē katoa o te oneone i roto i te hanganga matū, makuku me te rangi waiwai. Enei tohu rerekē me whakawhirinaki i runga i te maha o ngā āhuatanga (hei tauira, pānga reira kararehe i roto i te oneone, ka e kia kōrero i raro nei).

Kia pehea te Ko te oneone, me te e tauturu ratou i roto i tenei?

Ko te takenga mai o te oneone arahi mai te ahua o te ora i runga i to tatou paraneta. Ko reira te hanganga o ngā pūnaha ora ka timata te puhoi, hanganga tonu me substrates oneone whaiaro-whakahoutia.

I runga i tenei mārama, te tākaro he wāhi i roto i te hanganga oneone kaiao ora. He aha te mea te reira? Fele, iti tenei tūranga te ki te tukatuka o matū waro i roto i roto i te oneone, me ona haamaitairaa ki huānga kohuke. Ko reira ano hoki te hono vete ', me te whakapai ake i aeration. Tino pai e pā ana ki reira i roto i 1763 i tuhituhi M. V. Lomonosov. Ko ia te tangata e fokotu'u tuatahi te tauākī e hanga e te te oneone e tika ana ki te mate o mea ora.

I tua atu ki te mahi kawea i runga i te kararehe, me ngā otaota i roto i te oneone i runga i te mata, he take tino nui i roto i te hanganga o te purupurua he kamaka. Ko reira i to ratou momo ka te tikanga whakawhirinaki i runga i te momo o te oneone.

tākaro hoki te tūranga me ngā āhuatanga abiotic :

• marama;
• haumākū;
• pāmahana.

Ka rite ki te hua, tukatuka nga toka e raro i te mana o ngā āhuatanga abiotic me microorganisms noho i roto i te oneone hanehane kararehe me te tipu tonu, tahuri matū organic i roto i te kohuke. Nā tēnei, i roto i te tetahi apa o te momo oneone momona. I roto i tenei take, nga kararehe e ora i raro i te whenua (hei tauira, kutukutu, nematodes, kiore) whakarato tona aeration, arā, te hāora waiwai. rite tenei e whakakaewa me tukatuka tonu o matūriki oneone.

Animals me ngā tipu tahi hoatu te mea organic oneone. Microorganisms, hātare, a rauropi pūtau rauemi pükohu harore tukatuka te ka tahuri ki te puka e hiahiatia ana o ngā huānga kohuke. Worms, nematodes me ētahi atu kararehe haere ano i roto i te matūriki oneone, ai hanga he tongi organic - vermicompost.

Ko te mutunga ko e e hanga e oneone i toka rite te hua o te wā hītori roa o te wa i raro i te mana o ngā āhuatanga abiotic me āwhina ngā ki te kararehe, me ngā tipu e ora i roto i a ratou.

Oneone te ao e kitea

He tūranga nui i roto i te hanganga o te oneone e kore e anake, engari ano hoki i roto i te ora o te katoa atu mea ora tākaro he mea iti e hanga i te ao e kitea katoa o te oneone. Ko wai e ngā ratou?

Tuatahi, ko te pükohu pūtau-tahi, me te harore. Ka taea te tāutuhia harore Chytridiomycetes tari, Deuteromycetes me etahi māngai o te Zygomycetes. kia rimu kia tuhia fitoedafonov māngai pükohu matomato, me te puru-matomato. Ko te katoa taimaha o enei mea i runga i te 1 heketea o te oneone, ko te pā ana ki 3100 kg.

Tuarua, ko te maha moroiti-kaiao, huakita me enei kararehe i roto i te oneone, kia rite ki te māmā. Ko te papatipu tapeke o ngā pūnaha e noho ana i runga i te 1 ha o te oneone, ko te pā ana ki 3100 kg. iti te tūranga matua o kaiao pūtau-tahi e ki te tukatuka, me te whāwehe o ngā toenga waro o te tipu, me te kararehe takenga.

Ko te noa te nuinga o enei rauropi ngā:

• rotifers;
• moni nohinohi rawa;
• Pūora;
• weri symphyla;
• ProTour;
• springtails;
• diplura;
• pükohu puru-matomato;
• matomato pükohu rauropi pūtau.

He aha kararehe ora i roto i te oneone?

Ki nga tangata o te hātaretare oneone ko te whai ake:

1. waimāori iti (Crustacea) - e pā ana ki 40 kg / ha
2. Pepeke me ratou torongū - 1,000 kg / ha
3. Nematodes me roundworms - 550 kg / ha
4. Ngata me kaiora - 40 kg / ha

Taua kararehe e ora i roto i te oneone, he tino nui. takoto ratou uara e kaha ki te haere i roto i te kapia oneone, me te faaо ia ratou ki matū organic, hanga he vermicompost. Ratou tūranga he ki te whakakaewa oneone, te whakapai ake i te tōpuni hāora, me te hanga feāvaaki e kua ki tonu i te rangi, me te wai, reira te whakapai ake i te kounga me te hua o te apa whenua o runga.

Fakakaukau ki he me'a kararehe ora i roto i te oneone. Ka taea te wehea ratou ki e rua momo:

• noho pūmau;
• ora poto.

Hoki noho pūmau o kararehe whai tuaiwi, e tohu ana i te ao kararehe o te oneone, he kiore kamiriona, voles kamiriona, zokor me kiore marsupial. Ratou faufaa, ko te ki te mau tonu mekameka supply, no te mea kei te kukū ratou ngārara oneone, ngata, pipi, kaiora, a na i runga i. Na te tikanga tuarua - te keri i te mau irava te roa, me te mea awhiowhio te, tuku nana te oneone, me te taonga ki te hāora.

tangata Rangitahi, e tohu ana i te kararehe o te oneone, te whakamahi i te reira anake mo te piringa poto, rite ki te tikanga, kia rite ki te wahi ki te takoto ratou torongū me te rokiroki. Ēnei kararehe ngā:

• jerboa;
• squirrels;
• hiako;
• pītara;
• papata;
• atu kiore.

Urutaunga o tangata oneone

Hei ora i roto i te taua taiao uaua, te oneone, me whai i te kararehe i te maha o urutaunga motuhake. I muri i te katoa o nga āhuatanga tinana o te reo matotoru, uaua, me te malokislorodnaya. I tua atu, i reira he tino kahore marama, ahakoa i reira he he nui āhua o te wai. Noatia, Me koe ki te e taea ki te urutau ki taua tikanga.

Na reira, kararehe e ora i roto i te oneone i runga i te wā (i roto i te akoranga o ngā tukanga kunenga) kua riro nga āhuatanga e whai ake:

• rahi tino pai ki te whakaki i ngā mokowā iti i waenganui i matūriki te oneone ratou i reira me te mohio whakamarie (huakita, hātare, huakita, rotifers, waimāori);
• tinana ngāwari me te musculature rawa kaha - hua mō te kaupapa i roto i te oneone (me kutukutu a tawhio noa Wehewehe);
• kaha ki te takanga mai hāora rewa i roto i te wai ranei te kupukupu tonu puta noa i te mata tinana (huakita, nematodes);
• huringa ora arā, o te atamira piri, i roto i nei titau e kore marama ranei makuku, e kore te mana (torongū ngarara, ngā pītara);
• kararehe nui i urutaunga i te puka o wahi whāia kaha ki matikuku kaha hanga reira ngāwari ki te wahi i roto i te huna roa, me te awhiowhio te raro (kiore, shrews, pateri, me te pera i runga i);
• i roto i te kararehe Kei te pai te whakawhanakehia tikanga o kakara engari kite tata ngaro (kiore zokor, kiore kamiriona, spepushonki);
• āhua tinana kaunuku, he huruhuru raru-tika mātotoru, kōpeke, ki poto mārō.

enei whakaaro katoa te hanga tikanga pai kia e te kararehe i roto i te oneone, e kore rawa kino atu te hunga e ora i roto i te taiao whenua-rangi, a pea noa pai.

Ko te tūranga o te rōpū taiao o tangata oneone i roto i te āhua

Ko te rōpū taiao matua o tangata oneone whakaaro ki te kia:

1. Geobionty. Māngai o tenei rōpū - he kararehe mo e ko te oneone he wahi nohoanga tūturu. haere te reira i katoa o ratou huringa ora i roto i te taha ki te tukanga faufaa taketake. Tauira: noke, mnogohvostki, tailless, diplura, protura.
2. Geophiles. Tenei rōpū ngā kararehe mo e te tïpako oneone here i roto i tetahi o nga wāhanga o tona huringa ora. Hei tauira: te raapoi o pepeke, mawhitiwhiti, he maha ngā pītara, pepeke nguturoa, waeroa.
3. Geox. rōpū Taiao o kararehe hoki i te oneone - whakaruru rangitahi, he rerenga, he wahi o whakapanga me tupuranga. Tauira: He maha ngā pītara, pepeke, whāia kararehe katoa.

Ko te kohinga o nga kararehe katoa i roto i te rōpū i ia ko te wāhanga nui o te mekameka supply whānui. I tua atu, ratou kaha ki te ora whakatau te kounga o te oneone, ratou samoobnovlyaemost me te hua. Na reira, ko te tino nui to ratou tūranga, rawa i roto i te ao o teie mahana, te wahi ai ahuwhenua tupu rawakore oneone, leached me te waitote i raro i te mana o maniua matū, patukīrea me waipatutaru. Animals oneone whai wāhi ki atu tere, me te taiao mahi whakaora i o paparanga hua i muri i kino patua pūkaha me te matū i runga i te wahi o te tangata.

Communication o ngā tipu, ngā kararehe, me te oneone

Ehara i anake, e toaati nga kararehe oneone ki te hanga i te biocenosis noa ki o ratou mekameka supply me niches kaiao. I roto i te meka, katoa o te ngā tipu, ngā kararehe, me te whai wāhi i roto i te porohita taua o te ora moroiti. Heoi, ka rite ki ana ratou ki noho katoa. Ko te tauira ohie ki te whakaatu i tēnei hononga Here.

Marehekepa tarutaru me mara he kai mo te kararehe whenua. Ko te hunga, i roto i te tahuri, te mahi rite he puna kai mō konihi. Tonu o te tarutaru me te organic matū e kua ahu mai i te hua ururua o nga kararehe katoa, ki te oneone. Here, mo te take o microorganisms whakaaetia me ngā ngārara, e ko te detritus. Ko ratou toenga katoa o decomposed ka tahuri ki kohuke, e tika ana mō te absorption e tipu. Ko te kupu, ngā tipu whiwhi ratou wāhanga e tika ana mō te tipu me te whanaketanga.

I roto i te nuinga o oneone i roto i tenei moroiti-kaiao me ngā ngārara, rotifers, pītara, ngā torongū, noke, me te pera i runga i hei kai mo ia atu, me i konei te wahi whānui o te whatunga supply katoa.

Ko te kupu, puta reira e ki nga kararehe e ora i roto i te oneone, me ngā tipu e ora i runga i te mata, i te wāhi noa o te pūtahitanga, ka taunekeneke ki ia atu te hanga i te au maite whānui kotahi, me te mana o te natura.

Poor oneone me ratou tangata

Ka karanga te oneone rawakore, e toutou kitea e te tangata. Construction, te whakatipu kai, waikeri, reclamation whenua - te mutunga arata'i tenei katoa ki te impoverishment o te oneone. He aha nga tangata e taea ki te ora i roto i taua tikanga? Kia aroha mai, e kore e tokomaha. Ko te tangata raro tino tu'uloa he huakita, etahi protozoans, ngārara, me o ratou torongū. Mammals, kutukutu, nematodes, mawhitiwhiti, pūngāwerewere, waimāori i roto i enei oneone e taea kore ora, pera mate ratou ranei waiho.

tirohia hoki ki te oneone rawakore, i roto i nei te ihirangi iti o ngā matū waro, me te kohuke. Hei tauira, te neke one. Ko te taiao motuhake i roto i nei e ora etahi rauropi ki o ratou whakaaro tenei. Ranei, mo te tauira, i roto ano kaha waikawa me te saline oneone tangata motuhake anake.

Ko te ako o kararehe oneone i roto i te kura

e kore e te kura o Zoology akoranga whakarato mo te ako o kararehe oneone i roto i te haapiiraa motuhake. Nuinga o ngā wā, te reira noa te tirohanga whānui, i roto i te horopaki o te kaupapa.

Heoi, i roto i te kura a reira ko te mea pēnei i "ao i waho". E ako Animals i roto i te oneone i roto i te anga o tenei kaupapa i roto i te nui taipitopito. aroaro te mōhiohio kei te rite ki te tau o ngā tamariki. kōrero Kids mō te kanorau, tūranga i roto i te āhua me te mahi ohaoha tangata, takaro e kararehe i roto i te oneone. piha 3 whakangungu - te tika tino mo tenei tau. E kuraina nui ki te ako i etahi kupu, a ko te kupu i te matewai nui mo te matauranga tamariki, ki te matauranga o te taiao, te ako o te āhua, me ona tangata.

Ko te mea matua ko te ki te hanga i te mau haapiiraa ngā, paerewa kore-, me te kōrero, a ka ka waiwai te tamariki ake matauranga rite te hautai, tae atu e pā ana ki te tangata o te taiao oneone.

Tauira o kararehe e ora i roto i te taiao oneone

Ka taea e hua i roto i te rārangi poto, e whakaatu ana i nga tangata oneone matua. O te akoranga, ki te hanga i te reira kore he oti, no te mea i reira e pera maha! Heoi, tamata i te māngai matua ki te karanga.

Animals oneone - he rārangi o:

• rotifers, nohinohi, huakita, hātare, me waimāori;
• pūngāwerewere, mawhitiwhiti, pepeke, pītara, waemano, woodlice, kaiora, ngata;
• noke, nematodes me ētahi atu roundworms;
• kiore, kiore kamiriona, voles kamiriona, zokor;
• jerboa, gophers, hiako, kiore, chipmunks.