Crawler tarakihana USSR. History o Tractors i te USSR

I roto i te tarakihana USSR utua whakarongo. he pāmu i roto i te hiahia akiaki o te mechanization me kihai i ake otaota i roto i te whenua. Mōhio o te hiahia ki te whakapiki ake i hua i roto i te whenua, hainatia V. I. Lenin he tikanga i roto i te tau 1920 "I te tarakihana pāmu kotahi." Kua i 1922, ka anga reira production-tauine iti o tauira kāinga "Kolomenets" me "Zaporozhets." Ko tū paunga me te kikokore te tarakihana Soviet tuatahi, engari i muri i rua pakaruhanga-tau e rima ka haere mai i roto i te hanga o hinonga motuhake.

"Russian" matamua

Kua tonu kua Russia rongonui mo ona he kaitito, engari e kore e taea e ki te hoatu ki te mahi whakaaro katoa. I roto i te agronomist I. XVIII rau whakaarahia M. Komov te take o te mechanization o te ahuwhenua. I roto i te waenganui o te XIX rautau V. P. Gurev, ka whakawhanakehia DA Zagryazhsky tarakihana korohū mō te parau. I roto i te 1888 i hanga F. A. Blinov ka whakamatauria te crawler steam tarakihana tuatahi. Heoi, ka haere mai cumbersome rawa te pūrere. Heoi, mana whakaaro te tau o te whanau te ki kia Russian tarakihana 1896 th, ka i faaite nuitia steam tuatahi ara-momo tarakihana o te ao i te Nizhny Novgorod Fair.

I runga i te paepae o te kaihoahoa XX rau Ya. Whakaaro V. Mamin (ākonga Blinov) beskompressorny te pūkaha nui-kōpeketanga e rere i runga i wahie taimaha. He rite kahore atu he e tika ana mō te whakamahi i roto i moana waka aroturuki. I roto i te 1911, ka huihui ano hoki te reira i te tarakihana kāinga tuatahi ki te pūkaha 18-kirowati o te ngingiha ā-e whiwhi ingoa tāmau whenua "Russian". I muri ao hōu puta reira he pūkaha atu kaha - 33 Kw. Kua whakapumautia ratou production-tauine iti i te tipu Balakovo - ki runga ki te 1914 hua e pā ana ki te rau wae.

I tua atu i Balakovo, tarakihana ritenga-hanga hua i roto i Bryansk, Kolomna, Rostov, Kharkov, Barvinkove, Kichkasse me te maha o te tahi atu whakataunga. Otiia ko na iti te katoa hanga o tarakihana katoa i roto i nga hinonga kāinga e tata kahore pānga i runga i te āhuatanga i roto i te ahuwhenua. I te tau 1913, tata te tapeke o tenei tikanga te ki kia 165 kape. Otiia kaha te hoko taputapu ke: i roto i 1917 i roto i te Russian Empire i roto i 1500 i kawemai tarakihana.

History o Tractors i te USSR

kua I te kaupapa o te whanaketanga o Lenin me hanga o te mīhini pāmu mīhini kua homai tokanga makehe. Ko te parau tumu o te ahuwhenua tarakihana kotahi titau kore anake te tuku o "hoiho rino", pera i huaina e ratou te tarakihana, engari ano hoki i te huinga o mehua mo te whakahaere o te rangahau, me te whakamātau whakaurunga, te whakarite i te supply o nga wahi e manawapa, me hanga, te whakatuwheratanga o te akoranga rangatira, e tohutohu ana me te tarakihana.

Ko te tarakihana tuatahi i roto i te USSR tukuna Kolomna wheketere i roto i te tau 1922. kaiwhakahaere kaupapa ko te kaiwhakaū o te tarakihana kura motu E. D. Lvov. waka moana i huaina "Kolomenets-1" ka tohu te timatanga o te wā hou i roto i te whenua. Lenin, i roto i te noa'tu o puke lahi, fakatāutaha mihi nga kaihoahoa pai.

I roto i te taua tau i roto i Kichkasse hinonga "te ahunga whakamua Whero" hanga tarakihana "Zaporozhets." I hapa te tauira. Lead i kotahi anake wira muri. Ko te mana-iti e rua-patunga engine e 8.8 Kw clocked "hoiho rino" ki te 3.4 km / h. Te whakawhiti ko tetahi anake mua. Power i runga i te matau - 4,4 Kw. Ko te nui tenei waka whakahaerehia te mahi o te käinga.

e kore ahau e noho a tawhio noa te ma'imi rongonui Mamin. a tika tonu ia tona hanganga mua-hou. I roto i te 1924, tāpiri te Soviet Union tauira tarakihana o te whānau "papaka":

• Tricycle "papaka-1" ki te tuku, me te tere o te 3-4 km / h.
• E wha-wira "Little 2" ki whakamuri.

Te tautoko i wheako ke

Ahakoa te USSR tarakihana "hanga uaua", me kaihoahoa Soviet taukei i te au hou, kua whakaritea e te kāwanatanga ki te whakaturia ake hanga o raihana hangarau ke. I roto i te tau 1923 i te tipu Kharkov tīmata ake i roto i te raupapa o te ara "Kommunar", ko te whai o te tauira Tiamana "Z-50 Ganomag". Kei te nuinga whakamahia ratou i roto i te ope mo te kawe mongamonga pū tae noa ki te tau 1945 (a muri).

I roto i te 1924, kua taukei te tipu Leningrad "Red Putilovets" (i muri Kirov) te hanga o cheap me te hanganga ohie "American" kamupene "Fordson". whakamatauria Old tarakihana Soviet o tenei tohu ki te kia tino pai. ulú ratou ki nga āhuatanga pai me "Zaporozhets", me "Kolomenets". Carburetor engine karahīni (14.7 Kw) whakawhanakehia he tere o 10.8 km / h, te mana i runga i te matau - 6,6 Kw. tōnā - toru-tere. whakaputaina te reira i te tauira noa 1932. I roto i te meka, ko reira te hanga nui-tauine tuatahi o te taputapu.

tipu Construction tarakihana

ka te reira kitea e hoki pāmu kohinga Me tarakihana hua ki te hanga wheketere motuhake, fakatahai pūtaiao, tari engineering me whakaurunga ahumahi. Ko te initiator o te kaupapa ko F. E. Dzerzhinsky. E ai ki te ariā, whakaritea nga hinonga hou ki te pīkau i ki taputapu hou, me te ki te whakaputa i tauira te pehu cheap, me te pono o te pamu moana, me te aroturuki.

whakapumautia te production nui-tauine tuatahi o tarakihana i roto i te USSR i roto i Stalingrad. I roto i te heke mai, kua oti tino whakawhānui te mana o Kharkov me Leningrad otaota. Kua puta hinonga nui i roto i Chelyabinsk, Minsk, Barnaul me era atu pa o te USSR.

Stalingrad wheketere tarakihana

riro Stalingrad te pa te wahi i i te wahanga hanga te wheketere tarakihana nui tuatahi. Nā ki tona tūranga rautaki (i te pūtahitanga o te supply o Baku hinu, whakarewa Ural me te Donbass waro) me te aroaro o te ope o mohio mahi, riro ia te whakataetae i roto i Kharkov, Rostov, Zaporozhye, Voronezh, Taganrog. I roto i te tau 1925 ka tangohia te reira i te taumira runga i te hanga o te hinonga hou, a i roto i 1930 ka haere ki raro, te raina whakaminenga te tarakihana Soviet waitohu wira rongonui STZ-1. I roto i te heke mai, i konei hua reira te whānuitanga o tauira parahi, me te aroturuki ngā.

E te wā Soviet ngā:

• STZ-1 (wira, 1930).
• SKHTZ 15/30 (rü, 1930).
• STZ-3 (anuhe, 1937).
• SKHTZ Nati (Track, 1937).
• DT-54 (anuhe, 1949).
• DT-75 (anuhe, 1963).
• DT-175 (Track, 1986).

I te 2005, te Volgograd Tractor (FCZ mua) whakapuakina kaihau. ka tōna mono VgTZ.

DT-54

i roto i te rau tau waenganui XX, ka whānui Crawler tarakihana USSR, te tokomaha o ngā tauira i pai ki te wira ratou. He tauira nehenehe o te mīhini ahuwhenua , whakaaro whānui he ki te tuku i roto i nga tau 1949-1979 tarakihana DT-54. hua tatou i te reira i Stalingrad, Kharkov ko Altay wheketere katoa o 957.900 wae. Ia "wheturangitia" i roto i te maha kiriata ( "Ivan Brovkin i whenua wahine," "Happened reira i roto i Penkovo", "Kalina Krasnaya" me etahi atu), whakapumautia rite he whakamahara ki te pinepine o whakataunga.

Engine kōeke D-54 i roto i-aho, e wha-rango, wha-patunga, wai-matao o, eke etaeta i runga i te anga. Tere (mana) pūkaha 1300 REV / min (54 l. C.). He rima-tere e toru-ara tuku ki te matua mamau hono driveline. tere Mahi: 3,59-7,9 km / h, te pamu: kg 1000-2850.

Kharkov Tractor Plant

Construction HTZ ratou. timata Sergo Ordzhonikidze i 1930 i roto i te 15 kiromita ki te rawhiti o Kharkov. Tapeke mo te hanganga o te Rapa ka mau 15 marama. Ko te tarakihana tuatahi mahue te nekeneke 1 nuku 1931 - i tono ai i te tauira tipu SKHTZ Stalingrad 15/30. Otiia ko te whāinga matua ki te waihanga i tētahi momo tarakihana motu "Anuhe" 50 horsepower. He he ano hoki te kapa o te kaihoahoa PI Andrusenko te whakarite i diesel pūkaha whaihua, e taea te hoatu ki runga ki te katoa USSR crawler tarakihana. I roto i 1937 whakarewahia te whakato i te raupapa o te tauira anuhe hou e hāngai ana i runga i SKHTZ Nati. ko ake economical, me te kupu atu pai engine diesel te auaha matua.

Mai te timatanga o te whawhai i whakatahia te wheketere ki Barnaul, te wahi i hanga e ia te pūtake o te Altai Tractor Plant. I muri i te whakaoranga o Kharkov i 1944, anō production i runga i te pae kotahi - ka haere ano ki te raupapa te kōrero tauira Soviet tarakihana SKHTZ Nati. tauira taketake HZT wā Soviet:

• SKHTZ 15/30 (rü, 1930).
• SKHZT Nati ITA (Track, 1937).
• HTZ-7 (wira, 1949).
• HTZ-DT-54 (anuhe, 1949).
• DT-14 (anuhe, 1955).
• T-75 (anuhe, 1960).
• T-74 (anuhe, 1962).
• T-125 (anuhe, 1962).

kawea te hangaia anō tuwhena i roto i 70 tau i roto i te HTZ, e kore e mutu te hanga. whakanohoia aro i runga i te tuku "trehtonnikov" T-150k (wira) me T-150 (anuhe). Ko te mana-nui T-150k i tamataraa i roto i te United States (1979) whakakitea te mahi pai i roto i hoa ao, ana kihai i hoki iho ki ke te tarakihana mai te Soviet Union. I roto i te mutunga o '80s tauira i whakawhanakehia HTZ-HTZ-180 me 200: 20% pai nui atu i te Series 150 ratou he, a ka 50% atu hua.

T-150

Tarakihana i whai ingoa hoki ratou tika USSR. Ko te he nui-tere ao tarakihana T-150 (T-150k) kua mahia ki te ingoa pai. Kei a ia te whānuitanga o ngā tono: transportation, ara hanga, vahi ahuwhenua. Kei te whakamahia te reira tonu ki te kawe utanga i uaua atu-ara, i roto i te mara (parau, tihorenga, māra, me pera i runga i. D.), I runga i te arearenga. Nehenehe o te kawe ëtahi e mau ana te āheinga o 10-20 taranata. T-150 (C) āta hangaia turbonaduvnoy 6-puoto engine diesel ki whirihoranga V-āhua ki te tautauā wai.

Whakatakotoranga T-150k:

• Whānuitanga / roa / tiketike, m -. 2.4 / 5.6 / 3.2.
• Tātari, m -. 1.7 / 1.8.
• Mass, m -. 7.5 / 8.1.
• Power, hp - 150.
• Mōrahi tere, km / h - 31.

Minsk Tractor Works

I MTZ Mei 29, 1946, a ka kua whakaaro ki te kia pea te tino angitu i tenei wāhi inaianei, i mau te mana mai nga wa Soviet. I te mutunga o 2013 i reira i neke atu i 21,000 iwi. Te tipu tonu 8-10% o te mākete ao mō tarakihana me ko o hiranga rautaki mō te Peraruhia. hua te reira i te whānui o waka whānui i raro i te "Peraruhia" waitohu. E te wa hua te tiango Soviet i tata 3 miriona wae toi.

• KD-35 (anuhe, 1950).
• CT-12 (anuhe, 1951).
• MTZ-1 me MTZ-2 (wira, 1954).
• TDT-40 (anuhe, 1956).
• MTZ-5 (wira, 1956).
• MTZ-7 (wira, 1957).

ka anga nui-tauine anō o te tipu Minsk i 1960. I roto i te whakarara ki te tāutanga o kaihoahoa taputapu hou mahi i runga i te whakataki o tauira matatau o tarakihana MTZ-50 me te ake kaha MTZ-52 ki te puku-wira katoa. I roto i te raupapa haere ratou, aua, i roto i te tau 1961 me te 1964. Mai 1967, hangaia aroturuki reira whakarereke o te T-54B i putanga rerekē. Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te USSR tarakihana rerekē, ka pera e taea te whakaaro te whakarereke o te miro MTZ-50X ki wira rua mua me te whakawātea whenua tiketike; i whakaputaina nei i roto i 1969, me te pai kia rite te pari MTZ-82K.

Ko te mahi i muri mai ko te rangatira o MTZ-80 (1974) - te nui tino i roto i te ao, me te whakarerekētanga motuhake o MTZ-82R, MTZ-82H. Mai i waenganui i te 80 taukei MTZ technique mo rau horsepower: MTP-102 (100 hp), MTP-142 (150 hp.), A te mana-iti paku-tarakihana:. 5, 6, 8, 12, 22 l. he.

KD-35

He whāiti, ngāwari ki te whakahaere me te hanga crawler tarakihana kai. Whānui e whakamahia ana i roto i te ahuwhenua i roto i te whenua Soviet Union ko Warsaw Pact. Whāinga - te mahi ki te parau, a ka tahi atu ngā. Mai 1950, te tipu hua he whakarerekētanga o KDP 35, te hu whanui iti, ara whānui me te whakawātea whenua nui haere ai.

Nui D-35 engine kaha, aua, ka hoatu e 37 rita. s., i te tōnā 5 ngā wāhanga (kotahi hoki-rima mua). He economical Engine: te kohi toharite o te diesel wahie ia 1 ha ko 13 rita. Fuel tank nui mō te 10 haora o te mahi - ko reira nui ki te parau i te heketea 6 o whenua. rawa C me 1959 tauira tau D-40 (45 l. C.) powertrain ake ka nui haere tere (1600 REV / min). te whakapai ake hoki i te tika o te tahuhu.

Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant te aroaro o te whawhai

Te kōrero e pā ana ki te tarakihana e kore e taea e USSR tukunoa'i te hītori o te tipu Chelyabinsk kua hanga, he wāhi nui ki te take o te rangimarie toi, me te wā i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao ka te smithy o waka tauā me "whaiaro-tīhokatia". hanga Famous CTZ i te mara atu i huarahi tuwhera te whakamahi i te rakaraka, koko pungarehu, me crowbars. tangohia te whakatau ki te hanga i roto i Mei 1929 i te 14 Congress o Sovietí o te USSR. I roto i te Pipiri 1929 ka anga mahi i runga i te kaupapa te tipu te Leningrad GIPROMEZ. kawea hoahoa CTZ i roto ki te pūkete o te wheako o te pereoo, me te tarakihana kamupene American, te nuinga Anuhe.

i hoatu i Hui-tanguru ki Noema 1930, ka i hanga pairati whakato ki te mahi. Ko reira te whitu o nga Whiringa 1930. whakaaro CTZ rā taketake te ki kia August 10, 1930, ka i reira ko tetahi tuuraa o te turanga tuatahi o te faaiopoiporaa. Pipiri 1, 1933 te tarakihana crawler tuatahi haere kaimahi Chelyabinsk ki te raina hihiko - ". Stalinets-60" hua ake atu i te 61,000 tarakihana i roto i 1936. Na te reira tarakihana faka USSR, a i roto i te tauira 30 i pai i roto i ngā āhuatanga C-60 analogues Stalingrad me ngā tipu Kharkov tata rererua.

I roto i te 1937, te wā kotahi mapulei te hanga o engines diesel C-60, whakato pereshѐl ki te whakaputa i atu tarakihana wahie-pai C-65. He tau i muri mai, i whakawhiwhia tenei tarakihana te tohu teitei o "Prix Grand" i te whakaaturanga i roto i Paris, a ka whakamahia mo te kiriata o te fifi kiriata Soviet "Tractor." I roto i te 1940, ka whakahaua te Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant ki te haere ki te hanga te whawhai - tāke, wae whaiaro-tīhokatia, engines, wahi e manawapa.

Ko te hītori pou-whawhai

Ahakoa nga uauatanga o te pakanga, e kore te tarakihana i wareware e pā ana ki to koutou mahi tino. He whakaaro: he aha e kore whakamahi i te wheako o Ameliká? Oia mau, i roto i te Hononga o Amerika i roto i te Pakanga II o te Ao kihai i mutu i te hanga o tarakihana. whakakitea te tātaritanga i te pai o nga tauira tarakihana American ko te D-7. I roto i te 1944 tīmata ia te whanaketanga o te tuhinga, me te hoahoa.

I muri i te 2 nga tau, me ki te hangaia anō o te tipu, January 5, 1946 i tukua te tarakihana tuatahi S-80. Na roto i te 1948, oti te kamupene te hanganga i te ra tukua 20-25 wae o waka aroturuki. I roto i 1955 Kua timata te tari hoahoa mahi i runga i te hou, tarakihana atu kaha ki te 100, me te haere tonu ki te whakapiki ake i te pikinga o te tarakihana S-80.

tauira:

• C-60 (anuhe, 1933).
• C-65 (anuhe, 1937).
• C-80 (anuhe, 1946).
• C-100 (anuhe, 1956).
• TI'AF-250 (anuhe, 1957).
• T-100M (anuhe, 1963).
• T-130 (anuhe, 1969).
• T-800 (anuhe, 1983).
• T-170 (anuhe, 1988).
• TI'AF-250M2 (Track, 1989);.
• T-10 (anuhe, 1990).

TI'AF-250

I roto i te mutunga o nga 50s i tēra i reira ki te hoahoa me te hanga mo te mana tarakihana tauira whakamātautau ite o 250 horsepower. Mai i nga takahanga tuatahi o nga kaituhi o te tauira hou whakarerea nga ara tuku iho, me te pai-mohiotia. Hoki te wā tuatahi i roto i te mahi tarakihana Soviet hanga e ratou he fare hermetic, he hāneanea ki rangi conditioning. Ka taea te whakahaeretia atekōkiri mīhini taumaha ki kotahi ringa. Ko te hua ko te nui tarakihana TI'AF-250. Kaunihera o te National Komiti Economy USSR whakawhiwhia te wheketere mo tenei tauira te Gold Medal me Pōkairua o te tohu 1.

atu kaihanga

O te akoranga, e kore e te rārangi ngā otaota tarakihana katoa. hua hoki tarakihana o te USSR ko Russia me e wātea ana i runga i te Altai (Barnaul), Kirov (St Petersburg), Onega (Petrozavodsk), Uzbek (Tashkent) TK, Bryansk, Vladimir, Kolomna, Lipetsk, Moscow, Cheboksary, Dnipropetrovsk (Ukraine), Tokmak ( Ukraine), Pavlodar (Kazakhstan) me ētahi atu pa.