"Elbrus" - pūtukatuka i Russia. Whakatakotoranga me hītori o

Mai te tīmatanga o te hangarau rorohiko i roto i to tatou whenua, i titiro te hoahoa o ngā pūnaha nui-mahi te rite tetahi o nga whāinga tino nui o te pūtaiao motu. Mai te 90 i whai pānga te ako ki te huru faufaa hou - te hiahia ki te whakatinana i te whanaketanga hou i runga i te pūtake o microprocessors Russian. hanga te hua i "Elbrus" - pūtukatuka, i roto i tona kaha rorohiko kore he iho ki te pai ngā tauira ke.

History o hanga

I tēnei wā, he whenua torutoru noa huri noa te ao e hoahoa rorohiko ki te microprocessor o tona hoahoa ake - i roto i te United States, Britain, Japan me China. Ko reira kitea e roto te haumarutanga me te kawemai whakauru titau hoki Russia he pūtukatuka e he rawaka ki te whakatau i nga whakaritenga o nga ope patu, tari uruhi ture, whakahaere me te mātauranga. He taea - ko te whakamonitanga o te hua. I muri tekau tau o te mahi kaha o pūtaiao me Engineers o te Moscow Center Purangi-Hangarau (MCST) e kore he whakama ki te tapae i te whanaketanga hou o te tau 2014-15: waru-pūtukatuka "Elbrus 8c". Ko kua i mua i taua hui hītori kua haere te ara roa o tātaitanga ariā me te rangahau mahi.

I roto i te USSR faufaa tino i roto i te whanaketanga o te hangarau rorohiko i tatou mahi mātauranga S. A. Lebedeva. Ko te rōpū arahina e ia i te Academy o Pūtaiao o te Institute o Mechanics tōtika me Technology Rorohiko (ITM me VT) i hanga e te mihini hiko rorohiko (rorohiko) rima tauira - i te ngongo tuatahi ki mihini nui-tere ngātahi ara iahiko.

"Elbrus-1"

Ko te whakaaro o nga rārangi hoahoa, muri whakaurua i roto i te pūtukatuka Russian "Elbrus", i whanau i roto i te 1969. Ko te take mo te whanaketanga ko te hiahia "intellectualization" o ngā pūnaha rautaki. Ka tino kaihoahoa VU Burtsev, he tohunga tino i roto i te pūtaiao rorohiko, academician muri.

I roto i te 1979, i māngai ITM me āhua VT kōmihana i te whakatupuranga tuatahi o te multiprocessor rorohiko matatini "Elbrus" (IAC). hangaia te pūtukatuka i hāngai i runga i te TTL-arorau. Ko te pūnaha e whakamahia ana i roto i te ahumahi mua.

"Elbrus-2"

te whakatupuranga tuarua o MVK "Elbrus" I muri ono nga tau, pai haere te whakamātautau. Ko te pūtukatuka me te turanga huānga hou i te whanaketanga rawa motu. hāngai ana te pūnaha i runga i te nui-tere iahiko integrated ki arorau kaituku-honoa IC-100 raupapa. Mahinga "Elbrus-2" i roto i te whirihoranga desyatiprotsessornoy ko 125 Mill. Per tuarua.

i hanga arfum i roto i te ahua modular ki nui haere tika. Ngā mihi ki te tere me te faaotiraa papû a te te matatini i whakamahia mō ngā tau maha i roto i nga whakaurunga matua o ngā pūnaha rautaki. Ahurei hoki ona āhuatanga wā tutuki arfum whakatinanatanga me te whanaketanga o te maha o ngā whakaaro matatau i roto i te whakahaere o te tukanga tātai.

"Elbrus-3"

Ko te wā i muri mai (1986-1994) ko te hanganga o te toru o nga whakatupuranga o MVK "Elbrus". Ko te pūtukatuka Ko inaianei noa wāhanga hiko atu kaha - atu tino. whiriwhiria kaiwhakahaere Project hāngai mema o te Academy o Sciences B. A. Babayana. E te ara, i hanga e ia takoha taketake ki te whanaketanga o MVK "Elbrus-1" me "Elbrus-2".

Aromatawai i te huapai me ngā huakore o ratou whakawhanakehia e te hoahoanga superscalar whakatinana i roto i te whakatupuranga tuarua o te arfum, whakaarohia Boris Artashesovich te whakatinanatanga atu matatau o te ariā o te ako kupu whānui. I mua i te parariraa o te Uniana o ngā tohunga whakahaere ki te huihui i te tauira engari pūtea rite te mana hou mutu.

Contemporary

hono te haere tonu o tenei aho kaupapa e ki te mahi o ZAO MCST. I roto i tona hanganga, te mikroelektronschiki ārahi motu hanga bet taketake i runga i te whakamahi o te hangarau microprocessor, tīmata ki te hanga i rua raupapa o microprocessors me ngā pūnaha rorohiko e hāngai ana ki runga ki a ratou. E ka tauturu teie mahi ki te waihanga i tētahi pūtukatuka Russian kaha "Elbrus" 2014 tuku.

pūtake Kaupapa mo te raupapa tuatahi ko te tuwhera hoahoanga pūtukatuka Tauineine Architecture (SPARC), te tohua e Sun Microsystems. Pūtukatuka «R» te utuafare i hanga i runga i taua mea.

Ko te pūtake o te raupapa tuarua ko te hoahoanga taketake o "Elbrus", te whakawhanake i te mau parau tumu e kua whakaaetia, ka whakatakotoria iho i roto i te IAC-3 (tuatahi i huaina ai "hoahoanga E2k»). He i hanga wha momo taketake o pūtukatuka. Ko te kupu, ko te "Elbrus" (PTM): homai rite o tauira i roto i te ripanga i raro nei.

"ELBRUS-4C"

Ko tētahi o te whanaketanga angitu hou o te kamupene ko te MCST pūtukatuka "Elbrus-4C." hāngai ana tōna hoahoanga te i runga i te hoahoa taketake, i mahi rite te turanga mo te microarchitecture VLIW. Hoki te tātai tukanga kawenga 4 otaota 800 MHz, mahara keteroki 2 MP i runga i ia matua.

Ahakoa te archaism kitea i roto i ngā o te hanga hangarau (nui, auau iti, hangarau tukanga "o te rau tau whakamutunga" 65 nm), he rite ki te raupapa Intel "i" te tōtika pūrere hiko. Ki te iti iho kohi mana ko ake ki te 50 Gflops (45W) tona mahi. No te whakarite, te tauira tuakana te Intel Core i7-975 Extreme Edition kua he kaha o 53 Gflops i iarere nui teitei me te mana kohi. Tenei pūtukatuka Russian hou "Elbrus" 2014 tauira tau hoatu i whakamātautau a ka haere mai ki waho i roto i te raupapa.

"Elbrus-8c"

Te āhua e te wa o te kukuwhatanga i runga, ko reira te tahuri o te pakaruhanga orurehau mō Microelectronics kāinga. Kua whakawhanakehia ZAO "MCST" tahi ki te Institute o Mana Machines Electronic ka hua he whakatupuranga hou o hoahoa hua engineering. Hoki production ahumahi o te whakarite pūtukatuka "8c Elbrus" hanga i runga i te hangarau tukanga 28-nanometer.

Ka mahi te pūrere i roto i taupiri ki te kaiwhakahaere me te whanaketanga motu KPI-2. Ahakoa te pūmana noa tukua i runga i te hangarau tukanga 65 nm, tautoko reira e toru Gigabit Itarangi pūmana whatunga, 20 ngā rārangi PCI-Express pahi 2.0, e waru 2.0 o USB-tauranga, waru rewenatia katoa-tauranga. Communication ki te pūtukatuka he 16 GB / s.

āhuatanga hangarau

whakakitea Manufacturer nga āhuatanga matua o "Elbrus" pūnaha hou:

• Pūtukatuka - 8 otaota, kahore gipertredinga.
• Rahi Crystal - 350 mm ^2.
• taumata-Tuarua keteroki mō ia matua - 512 kV.
• He noa te taumata-toru keteroki - 16 MB.
• Tuhinga ia huringa - 30 ngā mahi.
• auau karaka - 1.3 GHz, ina e whai enei tawhā mahi ore o te wā mutunga karihi katoa, ara, ki te kotahi rau ōrau kawenga.
• Mahinga (Peak) - 250 Gflops.
• Power - 60-90 Watts.
• Raihana motuhake i Intel, i te whakarite tautoko mō ngā pūnaha whakahaere matua ki x86 / hoahoanga x86-64.

Ka rite ki a koutou e taea te kite, te pūtukatuka Russian "Elbrus" te whakatupuranga hou o runga ki te rima nga wa atu hua atu i te tauira 4C.

hoahoanga

Ka rite ki te hua nui o te kamupene ZAO MCST whakawhanakehia te hoahoanga taketake o te microprocessor "Elbrus". hāngai ana te pūtukatuka i whakanui rauemi pūmārō mo te raraunga inenga mahi. I roto i te whakarōpūtanga whānui no reira ki te kāwai o te hoahoanga, te whakamahi i te parau tumu o te ako kupu whānui VLIW (Tino nui Tohutohu Kupu), mahia te taupatupatu mō te raupapa mahi whakarara o ngā rōpū (whānui kupu ako), i roto i nei i reira he kore ririki i waenganui i ngā kapa i roto i te rōpū, me te ti'aturiraa whakaiti i waenganui i ngā kapa i roto i ngā rōpū rerekē.

Ko te kupu, pūtukatuka Russian "Elbrus" tino whakamahi parallelism i te taumata o ngā mahi he reira i roto i te waehere hōtaka. Ko te hua ko te tere nui hoahoanga i te tuku o ngā mahi parallelization taputapu architectures superscalar tūturu me whakawhiti ratou mä taupatupatu. Kua arahina tenei, me ētahi atu āhuatanga nui tūturu "Elbrus" hoahoanga - iti whakaaro mana kohi.

Āpiti atu ki te whakamahi whai hua o parallelism i te hoahoanga o ngā mahi "Elbrus" pūrere whakatakotoria whakatinana i ētahi atu momo (taumata) o te parallelism tūturu i roto i te tukanga rorohiko:

• raruraru concurrency i roto i complexes multicomputer;
• rere mana Concurrency i runga i te mahara ngā;
• parallelism pere.

Hototahi ki x86 hoahoanga

Ka rite ki te titauraa taketake i roto i te hoahoanga, te tuatahi whakaaro ngā whakarato hototahi pūtakerua pai ki te tino Intel x86 microprocessor hoahoanga. Kei te whakatinana te reira i runga i te pūtake o te translation hihiri huna me tona microprocessor taputapu tautoko "Elbrus". Ka whakarite hoki te āhuatanga o te hoahoanga kāinga hou ko te whanaketanga o te tautoko pūmārō rorohiko haumaru (kōwae hōtaka), tino whakahaere te mahi o hötaka ki te hanga i ngā pūnaha pūmanawa nui ki iti kati.

tono mahi

Kei hea te whakaritea reira ki te whakamahi i pūtukatuka Russian? kia mohio ki te reira e hangaia tenei hua te ki te whakaaro kotahi - ki te whakarato i te whaiaro-ranea, motuhake o te supply me raihana o Microelectronics me te hangarau rorohiko. Computers i runga i te "Elbrus" pūtukatuka ki te taumata tiketike o te haumaru me te tiaki i wheori rorohiko i roto i tono i roto i te ahumahi korero, i roto i te ratonga i te haumarutanga, pūtahi nui āhua.

Na, ko te pūnaha taea te Windows mua ko Linux, e oroko te ara, ki te kahore ki te kiritaki toharite, e te rängai rangatōpū. MCST tuku he rorohiko tiaki me tūmau, e taea o mahi i roto i ngā taiao kino.