He aha hononga ōhanga tīariari? Rārangi o hononga ōhanga ao

ka karanga tetahi momo o te whakahaere i roto i i whakaae whenua ki te ruruku ratou hokohoko, me te kaupapa here moni ki ētahi atu whenua, kei te tuitui ōhanga. Ko reira kitea e reira e maha nekehanga rerekē o te kōmitimiti.

• Whakaaetanga Trade maitai (PTA). Ko pea Kirimana PTA te puka taketake nuinga o tuitui ōhanga. PTA, rite ki te tikanga, te whakaiti whakaarohia i roto i tariffs mō hoa i roto i etahi kāwai hua.
• Ko te rohe o te hokohoko free (FTA). Kei te hanga te reira i roto i te take i reira he rōpū o whenua te whakakore tariffs a ratou ano, engari e pupuri ana te tāke waho i runga i kawemai i ētahi atu whenua. He tauira o te FTA ko NAFTA, e uhinga a tariffs kore i roto i kawemai pereoo i waenganui i te US me Mexico. Heoi, whenua mema kore e nei wahi o NAFTA, i reira e te tahi atu tariffs huinga mō kawemai motokā ki Mexico.
• Customs Union. Ko reira ka whakakore i te rōpū o whenua tariffs i waenganui i o ratou whenua, engari whakaturia he tāke noa i runga i kawemai i te toenga o te ao.
• uniana Economic. whakarato te mākete kotahi hokohoko i nga reiti pai, whakau ana tariffs waho noa i roto i te mau melo, a hopoi hoki painga mō te kaupapa noa o aua moni i waenganui i nga whenua. I hanga e te Pākehā Union rite tetahi o te Tiriti o Roma i roto i 1975, te mākete noa
• uniana Economic. whenua Economic Union ahu ki te tautoko i hokohoko noa i roto i taonga, whakapumautia tariffs noa waho i roto i te mau melo, te tautuhi i nga tikanga mo te kaupapa noa o te moni whakapaipai. kaupapa here noa te Pākehā Union o roto i te ahuwhenua (CAP) ko he tauira o te momo o te ruruku pūtea o te hapori ōhanga tohu.
• Monetary Union. Ko te kī ki te hanga o te moni noa i roto i te rōpū o whenua ko te uniana moni, e whai wāhi te hanganga o te mana matua pūtea e whakatakoto ana kaupapa here moni mo te rōpū katoa.

Ko te timatanga o te ara o te EurAsEC

Eurasian Economic Union - he whakahaere te ao e hāngai ana i runga i kōmitimiti ōhanga rohe, me ngā rōpū o te ao. Tenei te tikanga e te mau faaotiraa o ona whekau (Eurasian Economic Kaunihera, te Komihana Economic me te Kooti Ōhanga) riro te ture te ao.

Ko te rohe o te Eurasian Union (EurAsEC) hipokina neke atu i te 20 miriona ^km2 (15% o te rohe whenua o whenua), i roto i te whenua no te taupori noho i roto i te nui o 183 miriona iwi.

Tiriti i runga i te Eurasian Economic Union whakarato hoki ruruku o nga mahi o te ahuwhenua, ahumahi, pūngao; paerewa parukore, me te hangarau whānui. Na roto i te haamauraa i te Commonwealth o rōpū ōhanga ka hanga he mākete noa o pharmaceuticals i 2016, tūmanakohia 2019 te ki te whakaoti i te hanganga o te mākete pūngao noa, a i roto i 2025 - i te mākete hinu, hau, me ngā hua hinu.

mahara History tauira o te faaapīraa o rōpū ōhanga ao i roto i te hononga tōrangapū ranei ara hōia, he tauira pai o tenei, ko te Hapori Economic o Te Hau-ā-uru o Awherika States. Ehara i kua haere nui te wa mai i neke te tīmatanga o tona arotahi i kaupapa arumoni i runga i ngā mahi hōia i roto i te rohe o te Commonwealth.

Friendship o iwi tuatahi me tuatahi!

Hakihea 22, 2014 i tohua e te utu o nga mea o whakaritenga o nga whanaunga pai-tupu, ka whanaunga i waenganui Russia me Kazakhstan. e kore e Tiriti i runga i te Eurasian Economic Union whakakore te whakaaetanga o mua i runga i te mahi tahi ōhanga me te tōrangapū hainatia i waenganui i te whenua e rua i roto i 1992, i runga i te anga ke, kīnaki reira me whakawhānui te hōkai o te pāhekoheko, me te taea te whakatinanatanga o ngā mahere e rua i roto i te whakarara.

he tuwhera ki tetahi āhua i te mea pai ki te faaite i te whāinga, me ngā āhuatanga i whakaritea i roto i te whakaaetanga i waenganui i te āhua te whakahaere. I te mutunga o 2014 hoki piri te Union i Armenia ko Kyrgyzstan.

Me kï reira e hanga te peresideni Putin he haerenga pakihi ki Uzbekistan, te wahi kōrero i tikanga o hono te Eurasian Union. ka mea a Tumuaki o te Russian Federal Runanga e kōrero i runga i te rironga taea o Tajikistan ki te Eurasian Economic Union.

Ko te take o te EurAsEC Customs Union

haere mai EurAsEC Customs Union (CU) ki pānga tonu i Hānuere 2010 rite te Customs Union o Peraruhia, Kazakhstan ko Russia, muri piri ia ki Armenia ko Kyrgyzstan.

i whakapumautia Customs Economic Union rite te timatanga o te lepupilika uniana ōhanga wahi o te Soviet Union i mua. Ko te kupu, tonu te Mema States te ara o te kōmitimiti ōhanga tika ki te tango o tikanga tauārai i waenganui ia ratou. I te mutunga o 2014 e hāngai ana te Eurasian Economic Union te i runga i te waka, i te mea he wāhi moni noa ki te whakatenatena kōmitimiti ōhanga atu.

āhua mema TC EurAsEC: Armenia, Peraruhia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia.

Tuhinga hainatia i 1995, 1999 me te 2007., Mahi ki te whakahaere i me te tiaki i nga tika ture o te Customs Union. whāinga te Economic Space Common ki te whakahaere i te tuhinga i roto i te tau 2007, regulates te whakatūnga o te waka tuatahi, te tuarua - tona mātauranga.

ture TC

Rekureihana Hangarau, whakaaetanga o nei ko te pūtake mo te rironga ki te CU:

- faatia Motu hua.

- Tiwhikete o te Customs Union, tukuna i runga i te tuhinga, i whakarato te rārangi o ngā hua kaupapa ki whakahauanga aromatawai rite. he tika i roto i te whenua katoa o te TC tenei tiwhikete.

- Ko te tere o te tupu o te tohanga waho, me te hokohoko TC tahi. faaterehia Common Customs Code e te Economic Komihana Eurasian me te Tari o Tatauranga.

maha rapu uniana Economic kawemai me te kaweake anake aua taonga e te hunga painga i roto i te wāhi ngā ōhanga. He tauira o tenei ko te waka. hua anake e taau rite "taonga waka" kia noa kawemai / kaweake i roto i te rohe tautuhi. I roto i te runga ki Tuhinga 4 o te Code Customs, whiwhi i te taonga taua mana i roto i te wā e whai ake nei:

- ngā hua whakaputaina i roto i te rohe CU.

- Products, taonga whakaputaina hoki kohi kāinga ki te utu o te mau ohipa ritenga whakaritea i roto i te kirimana.

- ngā hua e whakatau tikanga e rua: puta ki te rohe CU mo te whakaaro o te kohi kāinga.

Products kore e e whakatau i te paearu o taonga TC i te faatura o e kore kua i whakatupato ki tetahi tuhinga e hāngai ana i roto i te tikanga ki te whakatau i te ūnga o te waka taonga, me amohia e te tukanga o te tikanga noa mau ohipa i roto i te rohe Customs Union.

Ētahi atu uniana ōhanga Russian

- APEC. whakapumautia Economic mahi tahi (APEC) i roto i 1989 ki te kawe huihuia nga whenua o te rohe Ahia-Kiwa. APEC Ko te huinga mo 21 whenua. Ko te whāinga o kua hapori mo te wa roa ko te whakatūnga o ngā mākete mō ngā hua me ngā rauemi raw waho Europe. Tohunga whakapono e i hanga te AETS i whakautu ki te tipu ōhanga o Hapani ahumahi, e kua te mana ki te nuinga i te rohe Ahia-Kiwa. Heoi, he mea nui ki te nahanaha Commonwealth matua ki āhua ngā roto reira, pera tauturu te reira ruruku i te mahi ōhanga i waenganui i nga whenua e pā ana.

- Kihi. Ngā pāhekoheko i waenganui i te tahi mau whenua o te mua Soviet Union i runga i te pūtake o te taurite kingi kei i runga i te whakaaetanga o te Commonwealth o Independent States (CIS). I tenei kau, te Kihi ngā te whenua e whai ake nei: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Peraruhia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, me Ukraine. hainatia te whakaaetanga i roto i te 1991.

- BRICS. hopoi mai huihui BRICS öhanga e rima nui puta o nga whenua e whai ake nei: Brazil, Russia, India, China ko Awherika ki te Tonga. I mua ki te whakauru i roto i te whakahaere Awherika ki te Tonga i huaina te "BRIC." whenua katoa e he wahi o, ko te ōhanga nohopuku-tipu, i te pānga nui i runga i ngā rerekētanga rohe, me te ao.

I te mutunga o 2014, atu te rohe BRICS ki 3 piriona iwi, e tohu ana 40% o te taupori ao.

whakaturia te Commonwealth i roto i te tau 2006 i te hui St Petersburg o minita ōhanga o Brazil, Russia, India ko China. I tū te hui tuatahi i roto i te 2009 i roto i Yekaterinburg. I te hui e kōrero te take o hononga tahi, moni, te taiao me te mātauranga rauropi.

Te taha te ara, te Tiriti Maastricht

Pākehā Union Ōhanga (EU) - te Kotahitanga ōhanga me te tōrangapū, arā, o Mema States rua tekau-whitu e whai he kaupapa here noa i roto i te maha o ngā wāhi. I hanga te EU i 1993 ki te hainatanga o te Tiriti i runga i Pākehā Union, noa te i tuku ki rite te Tiriti Maastricht. Heoi, i mua tenei i te whakatūnga o te maha whakahaere Pākehā, e whai wāhi ana ki te whanaketanga o te EU.

Hei wāhanga o te EU ngā tuatahi o 12 Mema States: Denmark, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, te Netherlands, Belgium, Portugal, Ireland, France, Spain me te UK. I roto i 1993, te Kaunihera Pākehā, hui i roto i Copenhagen (Denmark), tautuhi te paearu mō te rironga ki te EU. Ēnei whakaritenga, e mohiotia ana ko te paearu Copenhagen ngā pēnei taketake rite:

• manapori pūmau e faatura tika tangata me te tikanga o te ture;
• He whakataetae mahi ōhanga mākete,
• whakaaetanga o nga herenga o mema, tae atu ki te ture EU.

Whanaketanga o te EU i muri i 1993

EU nui haere e 3 ngā wā mai i töna tïmatanga. I te 1995 i piri ia e 3 ngā mema hou: Austria, Finland me Sweden. I roto i te 2004 ka haere mai te reira ki te EU o te 10 ngā mema hou, te nuinga i te kimi huarahi Soviet mua: Czech Republic, Kaiperu, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia me Horowinia. I roto i te 2007, i uru Romania me Bulgaria, kihai nei i i te whakatau i te paearu tomokanga i te 2004, ka whakaaetia ki te Union. I te 2013 tapiritia reira ki te rārangi i te āhua o Croatia.

Ko tētahi o nga whāinga o te EU - uniana ōhanga, me te moni, e uhinga a te hanganga o te moni Pākehā noa. Ka whai wāhi nui hokohoko International i roto i nga rohe o te rohe moni noa ki te hanganga o te mākete kotahi, oti ki utu ōrite me te ture o mākete motu. Te hanga i te mākete kotahi taea ki te whakaongaonga nui ake whakataetae i roto i te hua motuhake, me te hanga māmā te reira mo te pūtea rangatōpū, i roto i ngā, tauhokohoko ā-ao i waenganui i nga mema o o te rohe moni kotahi he. I te pae hopea, i roto i te wā roa ki te whakatū i te hokohoko noa, me te wāhi moni kia faaohie hanganga rangatōpū Pākehā mo te whakataunga o normative mahi ture katoa ki te ōrite.

euros

maha whakaturia uniana Economic te whāinga ki te whakakotahi i te öhanga o te whenua i roto ia ratou. mana ikeiketanga o te mahi ohaoha i roto i te kotahi rohe moni kia tutuki i roto i te whakataki o te moni kotahi; Ka hanga tēnei tütakitanga taurite nui i roto i te öhanga motu ngā. Ko te tikanga whakaturia mo te whakataki o te ūropi me te hanga o te moni kotahi:

1. Ko te tiaki o reiti ao utu i roto i te whānuitanga tomu'a (auau utu tikanga, arfum ranei) mo te iti rawa e rua nga tau i mua i te whakataki o te ūropi.
2. Te whakaū ngä päpätanga huamoni wā roa-.
3. Whakahaere nama tūmatanui i roto i nga rohe i whakaritea.
4. Whakatikatika o te nama kāwanatanga whānui i kore ake atu i te 60% o te hua motu matotoru.

hanganga o EU

ngā uniana ōhanga Pākehā 4 tinana whakahaere, e mahi ki ngā wāhi motuhake o te mahi ohaoha, me te tōrangapū.

1. Ko te Kaunihera o Minita. Ko te tikanga ngā reira o māngai o te Manatü o Foreign Affairs o te āhua mema EU. Pākehā Kaunihera o Minita kua te mea whakamutunga i roto i nga mea katoa e kore e i hipokina e kirimana whakaritea whakapumautia i roto i te EU ranei ona whakahaere mua. Ko te Kaunihera o Minita whakapaia e nga ngā Komiti, whakatutuki take e pā ana ki te whanaunga i waenganui i te whenua EU i roto i te wāhi e whai ake nei: te kāwanatanga, ahuwhenua, ika, kaupapa here ahumahi me te mākete ā, rangahau, pūngao, waka, rauropi.

2. Pākehā Commission. uniana Economic o āhua, rite ki te tikanga, i whai ahua ai tinana tohunga ki te mahi ki ngā take pūtea. Ka rite ki te whakahaere taua o te whakahaere EU, mahi te Kōmihana Pākehā. rapu te reira ki te mahi ki nga ngākau nuitanga o Europe rite te katoa i runga i nga take o whanaunga waho, te ōhanga, pūtea, ahumahi me te kaupapa here ahuwhenua.

3. Pākehā Pāremata. Kei roto te reira i māngai o te āhua mema EU, e kua pōtitia e pōti tika i roto i o ratou whenua. Ahakoa tavini te reira rite he huinga mo kōrero o ngā take o te āwangawanga ki te Mema takitahi States me te EU rite te katoa, te Pākehā Pāremata e kore mana ki te waihanga whakatinana i te tikanga o te ture ranei. Heoi, kua ia etahi mana ki runga i te pūtea EU, a taea hanga take kia whiriwhiria i te Kaunihera o Minita ranei te Kōmihana Pākehā.

4. Kooti. kia whai Tetahi uniana ōhanga he pūtake ture, te Pākehā Union he kahore okotahi. Kei o 13 kaiwhakarite me ono ture e tohu ana i te EU Mema States te Kooti. Ko tōna mahi he ki te whakamāori e here i te ture me ngā ture hanga e nga whakatau mo te EU mema kāwanatanga, kamupene me takitahi i roto i te āhua mema EU.

uniana ōhanga International

- WTO / GATT. Ture taketake 153 i waenganui i nga whenua, ko te Whakaaetanga General runga Tariffs me Trade (GATT). Tuhinga o tariffs, whakakorenga o ngā tauārai, tāke tōkeke me te kaupapa here tikanga i roto i te pā ki tahi i te tahi - ko nga whāinga matua o te kawenata, i hainatia i te tau 1947 enei

- YUNKAD. Te Kotahitanga o Conference runga Trade me Development - te tinana māngai o te Runanga Nui o te UN (United Nations), e no ni'ai te take o ōhanga whanaketanga, hokohoko, me te haumi. Ko te matua whakaaro o te whakahaere whakatakoto ana ano ki te whenua iti whakawhanakehia i roto i te tuitui o te mākete ohaoha ao.

- NAFTA. Ko te rohe nui rawa Te Tai Tokerau American hokohoko noa i waenganui i te United States, Canada me Mexico i 1994

- ASEAN. hapori tōrangapū me te ōhanga o te whenua o Tonga Ahia, kei te tipu haere inaianei nei tere, faahoho'ahia e te Association o Tonga-Te Tai Rāwhiti Asia. I hainatia te whakaaetanga e te whenua e whai ake nei: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam. E hāngai ngā whāinga o ASEAN i tere tupu ōhanga, tiaki o ngā ngākau nuitanga motu, te rongo me te pūmautanga; taea e te tinana ture ki te whakatau i ngā papā ata.