He aha ngā mahi i roto i te pūtau te mahi waikawa karihi? Te hanganga me te mahi o waikawa karihi

waikawa karihi whai wāhi nui i roto i te pūtau, te whakarite i tona mahi, me te whakaputa uri. Ēnei āhuatanga hanga reira taea ki te karanga ratou te rua o nga biomolecules tino nui i muri i te pūmua. ara tango i roto i maha kairangahau te DNA me te RNA i te wahi tuatahi, tikanga ratou uara tino i roto i te whanaketanga o te ora. Otiia, e ratou ki te tango i te wahi tuarua i muri i te pūmua, no te mea ko te turanga o te ora tika polipetidnaya rāpoi ngota.

waikawa karihi - he ko nui atu matatini, me te ngā i te taumata rerekē o te ora no te mea o te meka e ia momo o muingota he mahi motuhake hoki ia tenei. Ko te tika tenei ki te matau i roto i te taipitopito atu.

Ko te ariā o te waikawa karihi

waikawa katoa karihi (DNA me RNA) e koiora waerau heterogeneous e rerekē i roto i te maha o iahiko. DNA Ko te rāpoi ngota polymeric paea rua e kei roto ngā mōhiohio iranga o kaiao eukaryotic. pea kei te rāpoi ngota pītauira Circular mōhiohio iranga o te tahi mau huaketo. Tenei HIV me adenovirus. He he ano hoki te motuhake momo 2 DNA: punaraungao me plastid (kitea i roto i chloroplasts).

RNA hoki kua he momo nui nui meinga e te e rerekē mahi waikawa karihi. He RNA karihi, e kei te mōhiohio iranga o huakita me te nuinga o wheori, te kopu (tuipūmua karere ranei), ribosomal me te waka. Kua whai wāhi katoa o ratou i roto i rānei rokiroki o mōhiohio ā-ira, te whakaaturanga ira ranei. Heoi, i mahi i roto i te pūtau mahi waikawa karihi he tika ki te matau i roto i te taipitopito nui.

rāpoi ngota pītauira Double-paea

Tenei momo o te DNA - ko te pūnaha tino o te rokiroki o ngā mōhiohio ā-ira. rāpoi ngota pītauira Double-paea ko te muingota kotahi arā, o waetahi heterogeneous. Ratou whāinga ko te hanganga o here hauwai i waenganui i nucleotides o te tahi atu nga mekameka. Whaiaro DNA waetahi ngā o te turanga nitrogenous, te orthophosphate toenga me te hukatahi deoxyribose rima-waro. Tei runga i te aha te momo o te turanga hauota ko te pūtake o te waetahi DNA motuhake, he reira ona ake ingoa. Ngā momo o waetahi DNA:

• moiety deoxyribose ki te orthophosphate me turanga nitrogenous adenylic;
• thymidine turanga nitrogenous me te orthophosphate moiety deoxyribose;
• cytosine turanga nitrogenous me te orthophosphate toenga desoksiriboza;
• orthophosphate ki deoxyribose me toenga guanine nitrogenous.

Ko te reta mo te whakangāwaritanga o taiawhio hanganga o DNA toenga adenylic denoted rite "A", guanine - "G", thymidine - "T" me cytosine - "C". He mea nui kia whakawhiti i te mōhiohio iranga te i te DNA rua-paea ki karere RNA. Rerekētanga i roto i tona iti: konei rite kore i te moiety warowaihā deoxyribose me ribose, a ka puta hei utu thymidylic uracil turanga nitrogenous i roto i te RNA.

Hanganga me te mahi o te DNA

hanga DNA te i runga i te parau tumu o te waerau koiora, i roto i nei i hanga i tetahi mekameka e i roto i te mua i roto i te tauira tomu'a i runga i te mōhiohio iranga o te pūtau matua rānei. E hono DNA Nukleodidy i kotuari here. Na, kia rite ki te parau tumu o te kïnakitanga ki nga nucleotides o nga rāpoi kotahi-paea e piri e te tahi atu nucleotides. Ki te tukua timata te muingota nucleotide kotahi-paea ki adenine, te tuarua (fepoupou'aki) iahiko ka rite reira ki thymine. Ko te tautoko ki te cytosine Guanine. Ko te kupu, hangaia rua-paea rāpoi ngota pītauira te. Ko te reira i roto i te pata me te pupuru ana ngā mōhiohio tuku whakawaeheretia e te codons - te demoni o nucleotides. Ko te mahi o te DNA rua-paea:

• tiaki whiwhi i te pūtau matua mōhiohio tuku;
• ira kīanga;
• fifi ki te huri i te āhua o te irakētanga.

Te tikanga o pūmua me waikawa karihi

Kei te whakapono te reira e te mahi o pūmua me waikawa karihi noa, ara, e whai wāhi ratou i roto i te whakaaturanga ira. waikawa karihi iho - ko reira ratou wāhi rokiroki me te pūmua - ko reira te hua mutunga o pānui mōhiohio i te ira. Gene iho ko te wahi wāhi o tetahi rāpoi ngota pītauira tākai i roto i te pūira, i roto i nei tuhia ngā mōhiohio e nucleotides o te hanganga o te pūmua ngā. Kotahi ira encodes te raupapa waikawa amino o tetahi anake pūmua. ka whakatinana i taua pūmua te mōhiohio tuku.

Ko te whakarōpū o ngā momo o te RNA

He tino kanorau mahi o waikawa karihi i roto i te pūtau. Na ko te nuinga maha i roto i te take o te RNA ratou. Heoi, he whanaunga tonu tenei multifunctionality te mea rite tetahi momo o RNA te kawenga mō te kotahi o nga mahi. I roto i tenei take, te whai ake ngā momo o te RNA:

• karihi wheori RNA me huakita;
• kopu (mōhiohio) te RNA;
• RNA ribosomal;
• plasmids tuipūmua karere (te pūkano tipumata);
• RNA ribosomal pūkano tipumata;
• RNA ribosomal punaraungao;
• RNA kopu punaraungao;
• whakawhiti RNA.

mahi RNA

Tenei whakarōpū whakarato maha ngā momo o RNAs e kua wehea rite ki te wāhi. Heoi, i roto i ngā mahi, kia wehea ratou ki te 4 momo i roto i te katoa: i roto i te karihi, ngā mōhiohio, ribosomal me te waka. mahi RNA Ribosomal he kōtuitanga pūmua i runga i te raupapa nucleotide o karere RNA. Ko te kupu waikawa amino "Paepae" ki RNA ribosomal "piko" i runga i te RNA karere, i te tikanga o te whakawhiti waikawa ribonucleic. Heoi kete puta i tetahi kaiao e kua te ribosome. Te hanganga me te mahi o waikawa karihi, me te whakarato i tiaki o te rauemi ira, me te hanga i te tukanga kōtuitanga pūmua.

waikawa karihi punaraungao

Ki te aha ngā mahi i roto i te pūtau te mahi waikawa karihi kei roto i te karihi cytoplasm ranei o mohiotia tata katoa, o te mōhiohio punaraungao me plastid DNA, i reira he iti. Reira kitea ano ribosomal motuhake, me te karere RNA. Ko te waikawa karihi DNA ko RNA he hakari konei ara nga rauropi tino autotrophic.

Pea tomo te waikawa karihi te pūtau i symbiogenesis. whakaaro tenei ara e kaiputaiao rite te pea te nuinga no te mea o te kore o whakamārama kē. whakaaro te tukanga ko e whai ake: roto i haere mai te pūtau mo te tetahi wā huakita avtorofnaya symbiontic. Ka rite ki te hua, tenei akaryote ora roto pūtau, ka whakarato i te reira ki te pūngao, engari āta tuukino.

I roto i te wāhanga tuatahi o te kukuwhatanga, oho pea karihi-free huakita taupuhipuhi tukanga mutational i te karihi o te pūtau ope. Tenei whakaaetia nga ira mana ki te pupuri mōhiohio e pā ana te hanganga o te pūmua punaraungao ki tomo ki roto ki te waikawa karihi o te pūtau ope. Heoi, ko te reira e pā ana ki te mea mahi i roto i te pūtau te mahi waikawa karihi o te take mai punaraungao, e kore te mea nui te kōrero.

Pea i roto i te wahi pūmua punaraungao synthesized nei hanganga kua kore ano whakawaeheretia e DNA karihi ope RNA ranei. Ko hoki reira pea e te huarahi tika o te kōtuitanga pūmua he tika anake te mea te pūtau e maha pūmua synthesized i roto i te cytoplasm, e kore e taea te tiki i roto i te membrane rua o nga pungaraungao. Ko te organelles raraunga hua pūngao, a na reira i roto i te take o te hongere motuhake ranei taraka pūmua mo tona nui hoki nekehanga rāpoi, me te ki te rōnaki kukū.

Plasmid DNA me te RNA

I roto i te plastids (chloroplasts) hoki he ona ake DNA, i pea he haepapa mō te whakatinana mahi rite rite i roto i te take o waikawa karihi punaraungao. He hoki me ona ribosomal, kopu, me te whakawhiti RNA. Na plastids, te whakawa i te maha o kiriuhi, kaua ki te i te maha o tauhohe matüora, uaua ki te kitea. tupu te reira i e maha plastids ki apa 4 membrane, faataa nei e pūkenga i roto i ngā huarahi rerekē.

Ko mārama Kotahi te mea: ko te mahi o te waikawa karihi ki ngā pūtau ako pera tawhiti iti rawa. e kore e mohiotia te reira te faufaa te pūnaha pūmua synthesizing punaraungao me rite ki tona hloroplasticheskaya. Ko hoki reira e kore mārama he aha e hiahia ana ngā pūtau waikawa karihi punaraungao, ki te e whakawaeheretia pūmua (mārama kore katoa) kua i roto i te DNA karihi (ranei RNA, i runga i te rauropi rānei). Ahakoa e etahi o nga meka takoha ki te whakaae e te pūmua synthesizing pūnaha punaraungao me pūkano tipumata he kawenga hoki te taua mahi rite te DNA o te karihi, me te cytoplasm RNA. tiaki ratou mōhiohio ira, uri, me te tuku i te reira ki te pūtau tamahine.

whakarāpopototanga

He mea nui ki te matau i mahi i roto i te pūtau te mahi karihi waikawa karihi, plastid me te take mai punaraungao. Tenei oroko ake maha opuaraa mo pūtaiao, no te mea te huarahi taupuhipuhi, kia rite ki nei i reira i tokomaha kaiao autotrophic e taea whakaputa uri i tenei ra. Ka whakarato tēnei i te momo hou o ngā pūtau, pea noa te tangata. Ahakoa mnogomembrannyh organelles plastid i roto i ngā pūtau wawe rawa ki te mea i te opuaraa o te whakatinanatanga.

He nui atu nui, he matau ki e i roto i te waikawa pūtau karihi kawenga mō te tata katoa tukanga. Tenei biosynthesis pūmua, me te whakaora i ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te hanganga o ngā pūtau. Na nui atu, te waikawa karihi whakahaere i te mahi whakawhiti o te rauemi tuku o ngā pūtau i te matua ki te tamaiti. Tenei ka whakarite te whanaketanga atu o ngā whanaketanga.