He aha te DNA, he aha te mea tona mahi me te hiranga ki kaiao ora

DNA - he waikawa deoxyribonucleic, e whakarato ana te haumaru, me te tuku o te mōhiohio ā-ira. I roto i tona hanganga te mōhiohio whakamuna i runga i te hanganga o te RNA me pūmua o te tinana. Whakatūwhera tenei hanganga Swiss I.Mishlerom i te tau 1869.

Tuatahi, kua nga āhuatanga tūturu o te DNA unknown. I whakapono te reira e ko te reira mana ki te pupuri i te tinana o te ūkuikui me ona āhuatanga ki te tuku mōhiohio te kore noa mōhio, no te mea kawe o ngā mōhiohio tuku ngā whakaaro pūmua. Anake i roto i te 1944, i muri i te raupapa o ngā i runga i te hurihanga o te huakita, i kitea ai e taua DNA, ka tāutuhia ona mahi taketake. I muri i 1952 mōhiohio e pā ana ki tenei muingota whānui - ka reira mohiotia ai ko reira te kawe matua o ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te hanganga o te tohuira (te huinga o ira i roto i te rauropi), engari kihai i mohio ki tetahi mea i te wa o tona hanganga rawa, te hanganga o DNA kihai i patohia hōutia.

deciphered Ko tōna hanganga rāpoi i roto i 1953 e James Watson ko Francis Crick. kua takoto ratou e tenei DNA - ki te muingota hanga i te helix rua arā, o te deoxyribose me Phosphate rōpū, e here turanga nitrogenous - adenine, cytosine, guanine me thymine.

Me kï reira e te huinga o teie mau parau tumu e te tukanga mārama - herea anake ki thymine me guanine ki cytosine, e whakarite tika, me te tika whaiaro tukuruatanga-o te rāpoi ngota pītauira rite ki adenine te parau tumu o te kïnakitanga ki tetahi o ona koropetau āpiti.

he mārama te tāututanga taua o te hanganga rāpoi kua whakahohea pai te māramatanga o te mea te DNA - te hanganga e tiakina ana te waehere iranga ko te pūtake o te whakapapa i roto i ngā kaiao ora katoa, tae atu ki ngā eukaryotes me etahi huaketo.

Te waehere ira te rongoa rite te raupapa nucleotide motuhake. Ko te kupu, ia pūmua waikawa amino whakawaeheretia e toru nucleotides me te waikawa raupapa ko te ira.

Ki te puta tetahi huringa i roto i te hanganga o te DNA ira irakētanga ira ranei. Point huringa mutational i roto i te hanganga rāpoi e rutu, i te mea ngāwari ki te kitea i te tātari matüora hybridological ranei. irakētanga ira puta ka huri nga nucleotides interleaving, e ko te hua o ngā tukanga pērā i ngā whakawhitinga, transversions, whakaurunga mate o takirua turanga takitahi, e ofati i te mahi me ngā āhuatanga o te DNA ranei.

Ki te arahina enei huringa hanganga ki te distortion o nga wahi nui o te polypeptide i roto i te rauropi i reira he maumaui tino, e whakatau i te takahi e kore anake o te whanaketanga o kaiao, engari ano hoki ratou whakangaromanga. Hei tauira, ka taea e irakētanga puta noa i roto i te whanaketanga fetal, meinga whanau o tamariki mate ranei kore-taea. I tua atu, he taua maumaui i te ngakau o maha hē whanau e taea te tuku ki nga whakatupuranga heke mai.

Hei whakarāpopoto, ka taea te mutu reira rite ki te DNA i he - he reira hanganga tino nui o te mōhiohio ā-ira, i te mea te wāhanga matua o pūira. I tua atu, DNA - waikawa, i te kawenga mō te whakatinana i te ngā mōhiohio iranga me te mahi o kaiao ora.