He aha te mea te wāhi taupuhi: he tauira. Whakaahuatanga o te wāhi taupuhi o te kaiao: tauira

Ka rite tetahi o nga wāhanga taiao synecology tirohia te hononga i waenganui i te mau taata o te taupori o ngā momo rerekē, me to ratou urutau ki ngā āhuatanga taiao. kitea taiao e kaiao no ki te hapori ora hono ki te taunga mokowā motuhake i roto i nei taunekeneke ratou ki tetahi ki tetahi me te wahi o te ao koiora: te wai, te oneone, huru.

wāhi taupuhi - he ingoa i roto i rauwiringa kaiao wahi tenei kua. tikanga te tauira kōrero i roto i tēnei tuhinga e ki te whakamatau e he tūturu i roto i nga momo koiora reira, a ka ko te hua o ngā taunekeneke o te rauropi ki ētahi atu mau taata, me ngā āhuatanga taiao.

Ko te āhuatanga rauropi o momo

Kaore he aweretanga, katoa momo kua urutau i roto i phylogeny ki āhuatanga abiotic motuhake. fakangatangata ratou te noho o te rohe. E, ka rite ki te hapori o kaiao taunekeneke ki ngā āhuatanga kaiao, me ki ētahi atu taupori, ko reira he kiripuaki kaiao, te taitara o nei - wāhi taupuhi. Tauira o te huringa ora kararehe puta i rerekē ngā wāhi mokowā me te biogeocoenose arataukai - e pā ana kapokapowai te ki te momo o Arthropoda, Class pepeke. Ngā pakeke - image, he konihi kaha, kua taukei te taupoki rangi, i to ratou torongū - mollusk, manawa ki pihapiha, he kaiao moana.

Ngā āhuatanga o te wāhi taupuhi o momo

Kaituhi o te mahi matarohia "Tumu o Ecology" Yu Odum tapa te wā "wāhi taupuhi," e whakamahi ia ki te ako i te taupori whanaungatanga aahuatanga i ngā taumata katoa o tona whakahaere. E ai ki te pūtaiao, te tūranga o te takitahi i roto i te āhua, i te mea, tona mana faufaa - i tenei wāhi taupuhi. He tauira whakaatu tenei whakamāramatanga - he hapori o ngā tipu, ka karanga pionie. E ratou āhuatanga whaiaroaro motuhake, me te otaota, tuku ki a ratou riro ngāwari te rohe free. Ko enei Calamagrostis whenua, moenga tarutaru, MK Belaya. hanga ana e ratou nga biocenoses tuatahi, e te huri i runga i te wā. ka karanga Odum te tinana i roto i te āhua o tana wāhitau, me te kaha ki te ora image - he tikanga.

Model J. Hutchinson

Ni'ai ano ki te whakamāramatanga o "wāhi taupuhi" o te wā. He tauira whakaatu reira - ma-tailed hata, kua pā ana ki te wāhi Understory nei te ora huringa - pururu rakau riki te koiora. mahi ratou rite te kararehe e kore ko te puna anake o kai, engari tiakina ano hoki. Whakapumautia Hutchinson rohe tauira hypervolume biogeocoenose ko te mau taata tautoko ora pūtau o te taupori. rauropi reira taea ora mo te wa roa, te aperaa i te āhuatanga whāiti o te taiao. pūtaiao rangahau pupuri ratou i runga i te pūtake o te tauira pāngarau hanga, hoatu he whakaaro o nga rohe ikeiketanga o te oraraa o ngā hapori o kaiao ora i roto i rauwiringa kaiao.

parau tumu Gause

Kei te karanga a hoki reira ture aukati whakataetae, me te te whakamahia ki te whakaahua i nga momo e rua o te pakanga mō te oraraa - i roto i te momo ako i roto i te rau tau 19 e Charles Darwin. Ki te whai hiahia inaki, pērā i (ie katoa turanga kai) arataukai ranei mokowā (inaki kāinga - kāinga) taupori e whakawhirinaki i runga i o ratou tau, i te mea kei iti te tahi-oraraa o enei hapori. Ko tenei te hua mutunga ka arahi ki te pana (displacement iti taupori urutau) me te whakanohonoho o kaiao atu hāngai, me te tere proliferating o ētahi atu momo.

Hei tauira, he ahua motuhake o te kiore hina āta ngā taupori o kiore mangu. He torutoru tēnei wā i roto i te maha ratou, a kei te kitea tata tinana wai. E toru tawhā tohu te ariā o "wāhi taupuhi." He tauira e whakamārama tenei tauākī whakaaro e tatou mua, ara: i noho Species kiore Kerei nga wahi katoa (wāhi mokowā), ko reira omnivorous (kai) ka hopu e rua ra me te po (wā mahi wehenga).

Ko tētahi atu tauira, e faaite i te ture o te whakarerenga whakataetae: tae te tāngata tuatahi i roto i Ahitereiria, ka kawea te taupori o nga pi Pākehā. I roto i te hononga ki te whanaketanga o Beekeeping te maha o enei pepeke kua nui haere tino, a ratou āta mamingatanga te whenua nohoanga pī Ahitereiria o tona noho tūturu, e maka ana i tenei ahua i runga i te pareparenga o te ngaro.

puta te take rite i roto i ngā taupori o rapeti kāinga, kawemai e te taua discoverers o fenua. Kua auraa te nui o te kai, tikanga huarere pai, me te kore o te whakataetae e timata takitahi o tenei momo ki te hopu i te rohe o te tahi atu kaiao me kua whakanuia taupori i roto i taua tau i timata ki te whakangaro kai ahuwhenua.

A tuu i te momo i roto i te hauropi

E tonu ki te whakahoki i te pātai, he aha te mea te wāhi taupuhi. Tauira, hoatu te whakahoki oti tino - ko reira tipu mana faufaa clover whero. Ko te rohe o tona tohatoha - Europe, Africa Te Tai Tokerau, Central Asia. tupu taupori optimally i te wahi kai tika hou, i pāmahana o +12 ... + 21 ° C. ahua ai ratou pātītī te koiora papa ngahere ranei me ko nga kaihanga o te mekameka kai i roto i rauwiringa kaiao.

Ko te parau haapiiraa o te wāhi taupuhi,

Kei roto te reira i te kanohi o te wāhi rauwiringa kaiao wahi multidimensional e kua etahi tawhā āhuatanga abiotic me whakarato ngā momo o ngā o te taupori ki te takitahi o ētahi atu momo: .. Competition, te pirinoatanga, commensalism etc. te āhuatanga i faahitihia biogeocoenose whakarato i tētahi whakaahuatanga tino o te wāhi taupuhi o te kaiao. Tauira o ururua kararehe, no ki te hapu o kiore (gophers, gerbils, gerbils) noho wāhi o semidesert taunga ki tātāu koi o te ra, me te po pāmahana. Kai otaota korekore, mahi ratou rite kai mō kararehe nui me nga manu: pokiha, ekara, whatura Peregrine, ruru.

Optimal me te wāhi tūturu o te taupori o te oraraa

A haamana'o na e te huinga o whanaunga o kaiao ki takitahi o ētahi atu taupori me ki ngā āhuatanga taiao - tenei wāhi taupuhi. Tauira o te oneone huakita-saprotroph, kai i runga i mate mea organic, me te pure i te whenua, me te whakapai ake i ona āhuatanga agrochemical, haapapu te hanganga o te tau nui o te whanaungatanga aahuatanga ki ētahi atu tangata o te oneone: te torongū o pepeke, te tipu pakiaka, harore. mahi faufaa o huakita oneone tei runga i te pāmahana me te haumākū o te oneone, tona hanganga physicochemical.

Ētahi atu tangata - nitrifying huakita chemotroph - te hanga i pūmau kōrero aahuatanga ki taupori o ngā tipu whānau Leguminous: vetch purapura alfalfa, lupines. Katoa o enei tawhā, e rua ngā āhuatanga aahuatanga me taiao, riro te wāhi taupuhi kitenga o huakita. Ko reira wahi o te pea (motuhake taketake) biogeocoenose, i te mea he huinga o ngā āhuatanga tino pai i roto i nei i taea e nga momo tīariari ta'engata.

Ture mara hiahiatia hauropi wahi multidimensional

Ki te pakeke kitea biogeocoenosis ki ngā abiotic tino pērā i ahi, waipuke, ru ranei mahi kino te tangata, e noa etahi wahi o reira, e ko kowaiwai o te noho i mua i konei taupori o ngā tipu me ngā kararehe. Ko te ahua o puka ora hou - riiwhi - arata'i ki te huringa i roto i taua wahi o te biogeocoenose, tona ingoa - tipu wāhi taupuhi. Tauira o tona whakataunga i muri i te ahi tohu e hei utu o te ngahere whanui-tatu mai tetahi tau takirua ranei te tipu herbaceous ki te pūngao nui vegetative: whiro, whiro-otaota, whaea me tana matakēkē, me etahi, whai ki te wewete i te tahi wāhi kotahi muia e te momo taupori hou.

I roto i tenei pepa, ako matou i roto i te taipitopito i te taua mea rite wāhi taupuhi o te kaiao. Ko te tauira whakaaro e tatou ki te whakaū i te mea he matatini multidimensional taunga hoki ikeiketanga tikanga ora o taupori o ngā tipu me ngā kararehe.