Tauhohe pitihāoratanga

Ko te kupu "hāora" i te auraa tuatahi he taonga ngā motuhake ki te hāora ki te hanga i te waikura, rite kua mua i mohio hāora rite te āpitihāora tuatahi. Na roto i te oxidizing i matau hononga hāora, me i raro i te whakahokinga mai - hoki reira. Na te wā - kua roa whakahaeretia "hāora fakafoki mai" matū. tauhohe pitihāoratanga muri mai ki te kia whakaaro e taua tukanga rite ki te hua o nei i reira ko te whakawhiti o irahiko i tetahi ngota ki tetahi, na kua riro tenei wā he tikanga whānui. Hei tauira, ka konupora parariraa i roto i te hāora: puta 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO whakawhiti irahiko i te konupora ki te hāora.

E āhuatanga tauhohe pitihāoratanga i roto i taua taunekeneke ratou ki tauhohenga mohiotia hāora me hāora. Matū ngota e koha irahiko whakaaro whakaiti āpiha. Ko te pūhui matū tango irahiko nei ngota huaina hāora. Ko te tauhohenga i runga ko te kaihoko konupora whakaiti te oxidized ano, ka tukua i.e. he irahiko. Hāora te iti - e te irahiko me te oxidizer. Ko tētahi atu tauira: CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O. A, no te tahu, te waikura parahi i roto i te katote hauwai awa parahi manako irahiko i hauwai. Ka rite ki te māngai oxidizing, e heke ratou ki parahi timatanga. ngota hauwai koha irahiko, rite te kaihoko whakaiti te oxidized iho me te hauwai.

Ko te kupu, tangohia nga tukanga pitihāoratanga me te tangohāoratanga wahi wā kotahi: oxidized whakaiti me e heke āpiha oxidizing. e karangatia na tauhohe pitihāoratanga no reira he he hononga inextricable i waenganui i te tukanga tau utuutu. Ko, ki te reira ngota e koha irahiko, e te hunga hakari, me te pera tonu e tangohia nga irahiko. I te wa ano e rite ana e o te oxidizer me te kaihoko whakaiti i roto i te huri i te tohu o te piti hāora. Ka rite ki te hua o pūhui matū taea te hanga e ki tetahi momo o te ngota i roto i ngā rāpoi ngota.

Ko te momo matua o tauhohe pitihāoratanga:

1. Intermolecular - oxidizable me ngota reducible ngā i roto i te rāpoi ngota o ngā matū rerekē, hei tauira: 2HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2 ↑ (konutea - hāora hauwai te māraa - āpitihāora).
2. Intramolecular - oxidizable me ngota reducible ngā i roto i te rāpoi ngota o te taonga matū taua, mo te tauira: KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2 ↑ (i roto i te rāpoi ngota o te pāhare pāporo chlorate hāora - hāora chloro - āpitihāora).
3. Autoxidation-whaiaro whakaora-disproportionation ranei - te huānga matū taua i roto i te tauhohe ko te whakaiti kaihoko, me te oxidizing kaihoko, hei tauira: 3HNO2 → HNO3 + 2NO ↑ + H2O ( he ngota hauota o te waikawa Sinks ko e rua, he kaihoko whakaiti me te māngai oxidizing, te hua piti hāora - he hauota waikawa, te hua whakaiti - hauota monoxide).
4. reproportsionirovanie Comproportionation ranei - kotahi me te huānga taua he tohu rerekē o te piti hāora o te rāpoi ngota, hua i roto i te āhua piti hāora kotahi, hei tauira: NH4NO3 → N2O + 2H2O.

E te aroaro tauhohe pitihāoratanga i roto i te puka whānui rorohiko ranei. Ka taea e whakaaro tetahi te tauira o te ngā matū: 2FeCl3 + H2S → FeCl2 + S + 2HCl. Here, te ngota rino ko te kaihoko oxidizing, no te mea e te reira kotahi irahiko me ngā huringa ki te tohu o te hāora o +3 ki te +2: Fe + ³ + e → Fe + ². Kei te oxidized Ion whanariki kaihoko whakaiti, irahiko me ka tukua taui te reira kāwanatanga hāora i -2 ki 0: Sˉ² - e → S °. E whakamahia irahiko katote-irahiko ranei tikanga toenga mo tīaroaro o te tau whakarea stoichiometric i roto i te whārite.

He whānui, me te o te faufaa nui tauhohe pitihāoratanga, mai à ratou nga tukanga ngingiha o te pirau te pirau, respiration, pākia, whakawhenumi o ngā tipu te hauhā, me te i runga i ētahi atu tukanga koiora. Ano, kei te whakamahia ratou i roto i ngā ahumahi mō te whakaputa konganuku me-konukore i ratou pūhui. Hei tauira, kei te hāngai ēnei ki runga ki te takanga o te haukini, pūngāwhā me te hauota waikawa, etahi rauemi hanga, rongoa me maha atu ngā hua nui. Kei te whakamahia hoki ratou i roto i te matū tātari mō te whakatau i te ngā pūhui matū.