Ko te kaituhi o te ariā o te hanganga o ngā pūhui matū waro. Ko te ariā o te hanganga o organic pūhui A. M. Butlerova

Matū - Ko te pūtaiao e horo'a mai ia tatou i te momo katoa o ngā rauemi, me ngā tūemi whare, e kore matou i feaa ki te whakamahi i nga ra. Ko ki te haere mai ki te whakatuwheratanga o te momo taua o pūhui, i mohiotia te i tenei ra, i maha Utaina ki te haere i roto i te ara pūtaiao matatini.

Kua whakaaetia arahina tenei katoa ki te hanganga o ngā wāhi rerekē o te matū ahumahi ki te synthesize me te whakamahi i ngā rauemi hou - He rota o te mahi, he maha ngā angitu me kāore, ngū turanga ariā: rapa, kirihou, kirihou, resins, alloys, ngā mōhiti, silicones, a na i runga i.

Ko tētahi te tino rongonui, Utaina whakahonoretia, nei i hanga te takoha faufaa ki te whanaketanga o te matū waro ko reira te iwi Russian Butlerov Ko ana mahi, ngā paetae, me ngā hua o te mahi whakaaro tatou poto i roto i tēnei tuhinga o.

tāhuhu tangata

Rā o whanau o te kaiputaiao - i roto i Mahuru 1828, e kore ko te maha o ngā mātāpuna rerekē kākahu. Ko ia ngaro wawe nui te tama a Rūtene Kānara Michael Butlerova whaea. noho tamarikitanga katoa i runga i te whenua o tona papa ruau i roto i te kainga Podlesnaya Shentala (inaianei te Republic o rohe Tatarstan) utuafare.

ako ia i roto i nga wahi rerekē, tuatahi i roto i te kura tūmataiti kuiti, ka i roto i te kura nui. I muri mai, ka tomo ia ki te University o Kazan i te tari o te ahupūngao me te pāngarau. Heoi, ahakoa tenei hiahia tino i roto i te matū. Ko te kaituhi o te ariā o te hanganga o ngā pūhui matū waro heke mai noho i muri i kura i roto i te wahi e rite ana te kaiako.

1851 - tiaki o te tuhituhinga mātauranga tuatahi i runga i "hāpiri o ngā pūhui matū waro". I muri i te mahi ngingila i hoatu e ia te whai wāhi ki te whakahaere i te matū katoa i te whare wānanga.

Ko te kaituhi o te ariā o te hanganga o ngā pūhui matū waro ko arawhata mahi roa, me te i roto i te 1874 ka tetahi o nga mātauranga pai St Petersburg Academy o Sciences.

mate Scientist i 1886, i reira pau ia tona tamarikitanga i roto i te whenua o tona koroua whānau. I roto i te hapu o te fare pureraa rohe, a ka tanumia ia.

takoha o pūtaiao ki te whanaketanga o te matauranga matū

Ko pono reira tona mahi matua - te ariā o te hanganga o ngā pūhui matū waro Butlerov. Heoi, e kore tetahi anake. Ko te hanga tenei pūtaiao kua te kura Russian tuatahi Whārangi o.

Na ko taua kaipūtaiao, nei i muri i te taimaha nui i roto i te whanaketanga o te katoa o te pūtaiao i ona taiepa. Ko te iwi e whai ake nei enei:

• Markovnikov;
• hares;
• Kondakov;
• Taporo;
• Konovalov;
• Raiona me ētahi atu.

kua hanga Kaituhi o te ariā o te hanganga o ngā pūhui matū waro he maha o nga mahi i runga i nga tikanga taiao, tae atu ki matū. Kua Rawa kua oti rawa te rota o te rangahau ki reira ngā pūhui matū waro.

Mahi i roto i te matū waro

Ka taea te huaina taua mahi i te rota. I muri i Butlerof tata katoa te wa noa pau i roto i tona taiwhanga whare wānanga, e mau ana i roto i ngā ngā, hanga kitenga me whakatau. Just na i whanau ai te ariā o te hanganga matū o ngā pūhui matū waro.

He etahi mahi tino kaha o te kaipūtaiao:

• I hanga ai e te pūrongo o te amuiraa i runga i te kaupapa "I te hanganga matū o mea";
• mahi otr "I te hinu faufaa ';
• mahi pūtaiao tuatahi "te piti hāora o ngā pūhui matū waro".

I mua ki tona kupu, me te hanga o te kaituhi o te ariā o te hanganga o ngā pūhui matū waro mo te wa roa ako i te mahi o te tahi atu pūtaiao i whenua rerekē, ako ahau o ratou mahi, tae atu ki te pairati. Na anake, ki te ahuwhānui me te systematize te matauranga riro, kitea ana e ia whakatau katoa i roto i ngā o tona ariā iti.

Ko te ariā o te hanganga o organic pūhui A. M. Butlerova

tohua rau XIX e te whanaketanga tere o tata katoa pūtaiao, tae atu ki matū. I roto i ngā, tonu ki te whakaemi ngā āhuatanga nui o te waro me ōna pūhui, matū organic pā tona kanorau katoa. Ko kahore tetahi maia ki te whakarite me te whakarite i tenei rauemi pono katoa, arahi ki te tauraro noa, me te ki te tāutu i ngā tauira noa, i runga i nei hanga katoa te.

hanga ana te tuatahi ko Butlerov A. M. Ko ia he ariā anaana o te hanganga matū o ngā pūhui matū waro, nga tikanga o i mea ia papatipu i te amuiraa German Whārangi o. ko te timatanga o te wā hou i roto i te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao tenei, eke matū waro i runga i te ara o te whanaketanga kaha.

haere te pūtaiao ki reira āta. pau ia he rota o ngā ka tohu te oraraa o ngā rauemi ki ngā āhuatanga këtia, kitea etahi momo o tauhohe, ka kite i muri ratou i te heke mai. He tokomaha ako nga mahi o ratou hoa, me a ratou ite. Anake ki tenei i te mahi tupato, me te teimaha ia whakahaere tonu ki te hanga i tona faahiahia. Na inaianei, ko te ariā o te hanganga o ngā pūhui matū waro i roto i tenei wāhanga Chemistry - tata te taua rite e o te pūnaha wā i roto i te pararopi.

Whakatuwhera i te pūtaiao ki te aroaro o te hanganga o te ariā

He aha ngā āhuatanga i hanga, ka hoatu tika ariā mataotao i mua i reira ko tetahi ariā o te hanganga o organic pūhui A. M. Butlerova?

1. poto Domestic tuatahi synthesized matū organic pērā i methenamine, formaldehyde, methylene konutawa me ētahi atu.
2. Synthesized i rauemi huka-pararopi (waipiro tuatoru), reira ai i te patu i muri ki te vitalism ariā.
3. tohu ia i te heke mai mo te tauhohe polymerization, karanga te pai, me te whaihua ratou.
4. i faataa tuatahi poinanahatanga ki a ratou anake.

O te akoranga, ko te anake tenei te tohu nui o tona mahi. I roto i te meka, e taea te whakaahuatia maha nga tau o te mahi pakeke e te pūtaiao mō te wa roa. Heoi, kua te nui tino o tenei ra hei te ariā kotahi katoa o te hanganga o ngā pūhui matū waro, e whakaneke ka kōrero atu.

Ko te tūnga tuatahi o te ariā

I roto i 1861, te kaiputaiao nui Russian i te Congress Utaina o roto i te pa o Speyer faaite ki hoa ratou whakaaro i runga i te hanganga o nga take me te kanorau o ngā pūhui matū waro, te faaiteraa i tenei katoa i roto i te puka o te ariā.

Ko te tūemi tuatahi ko te whai ake: ngota katoa i roto i te rāpoi ngota e hono i roto i te raupapa, te mea i whakaritea e to ratou valency. A, no te tenei waro whakaaturanga ngota tohu honohono, rite ki te wha. Hāora kua he rite ki te rua, hauwai te uara o tenei tohu - kotahitanga.

te whakaaro ia he āhuatanga rite i huaina te matū hanganga o te taonga. I muri tautapa tangohia ana mau parau i runga i te pepa ki te tātai whakairoiro tonu hanganga, whātatahia me rāpoi.

Ko hoki tenei te āhuatanga o te matūriki waro hono ki tetahi ki tetahi i roto i te mekameka mutunga o te hanganga rerekē (rārangi, huringa, branched).

I roto i te whānui, tautuhi te ariā o te hanganga o ngā pūhui matū waro Butlerova tona tūranga tuatahi auraa valency me tātai kotahi mo ia pūhui, nga āhuatanga e whakaata ana me te whanonga o te taonga i roto i te tauhohe.

Ko te tūnga tuarua o te ariā

I tenei wāhi i faataa i te reira i te kanorau o ngā pūhui matū waro i roto i te ao. I runga anō i te hononga o ngā waro i roto i te mekameka, fokotu'u mai te pūtaiao e i roto i te ao i reira he pūhui Nä he āhuatanga rerekē, engari he reira tino ōrite hanganga rāpoi. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, i reira ko te āhuatanga o te poinanahatanga.

Tenei ariā kai o te hanganga o organic pūhui A. M. Butlerova faataa kore anake te uho o ngā poinanaha, me poinanaha, engari ano hoki i te pūtaiao mahi ite e whakapumautia katoa.

Hei tauira, synthesized ia poinanaha pūwaro - isobutane. Na, ka tohu pēwaro ki te tīariari kua kore tetahi engari e toru poinanaha, e hāngai ana i runga i te hanganga o te pūhui. A synthesize ratou katoa, whakamatautau tona harakore.

Whāki o te toru o nga tūranga

Ko te tūemi i muri i runga i te ariā ta e taea nga ngota katoa me ngā rāpoi ngota i roto i te pūhui taua pā i te āhuatanga o ia atu. Mai i tenei a ka whakawhirinaki ki runga ki te whanonga o te taonga i roto i ngā momo rerekē o tauhohe, whakakitea e matū me ētahi atu āhuatanga.

Ko te kupu, i raro i tenei kai te tāutu i te maha o ngā akomanga o ngā pūhui matū waro rerekē i roto i te ahua me te hanganga tautuhi rōpū mahi.

Ko te ariā o te hanganga o organic pūhui A. M. Butlerova whakarāpopoto i tata pukapuka katoa i runga i matū waro. I muri i te katoa, ko reira - te pūtake o tenei wāhanga, he whakamārama o nga ture katoa, e kua hanga rāpoi ngota.

Ko te uara mō te ariā hou

O te akoranga, he reira nui. hanga tenei ariā taea ai:

1. ki te whakakotahi me te whakarite i te rauemi pono katoa putu e te wa o tona hanganga;
2. whakamārama i te hanganga o ngā tauira, ngā āhuatanga o te ngā pūhui;
3. ki te hoatu i te whakamārama tonu o nga take o te taua momo nui o pūhui i matū;
4. hoatu ana e ia te tīmatanga mō te maha whāiti o matū hou, e hāngai ana i runga i nga tikanga o te ariā;
5. whakaaetia ki te neke whakaaro, te whakawhanake i tētahi ariā ngota-rāpoi.

Na reira, ki te mea e, te whakaahua e taea kite koe i raro, i te kaituhi o te ariā o te hanganga o ngā pūhui matū waro, he mahi nui - e kore e mea i te reira tetahi. tika e taea te whakaaro Butlerova te papa o te matū waro, te kaiwhakarewa o ona turanga ariā.

Ko tōna kitenga pūtaiao o te ao, te poto o whakaaro, te kaha ki te pahika te hua whakatangihanga a te wāhi i roto i te oma roa. a te tangata i te kaha nui mō te mahi, te manawanui, me te whakamātautau tonu, synthesizing, whakaakona. He, engari ako tonu haapiiraa, me te mahi i nga whakatau wā roa-tika.

he huinga anake taua o 'ulungaanga me koinga pakihi, kaha i whakaaetia ki te whakatutuki i te pānga e hiahiatia ana.

Ko te ako o te matū waro i te kura

I roto i te akoranga o te kura tuarua i roto i te ako o turanga waro homai te kore pera nui te wā. kotahi anake hauwhā o kōeke 9 me te tau-tonu 10 taumata (te hōtaka Gabrielyan OS). Heoi, he nui i taea ki te tūhura i te akomanga katoa matua o pūhui, rawa ratou hanganga me te nomenclature, mahu'inga mahi nga tamariki tenei wa.

Ko te pūtake mo te timatanga o te akoranga - te ariā o te hanganga o organic pūhui A. M. Butlerova. Grade 10 whakatapua whakaaro tonu o ona tūranga, a muri - he haamauraa ariā, me te mahi i roto i te ako o te piha ia o matū.