Hītori o te pēke. Bank: me pehea i hanga ai?

Banks hoatu iwi painga whakakorekore. kohikohi ratou nga moni, whakahaere whakawhitinga utu rerekē, taurewa, me te mahi kāwai rerekē o te peeke. I roto i tenei arotake, ka kia whakaaro te hītori o te putanga o pareparenga.

Origin o pareparenga

timata nga mango taurewa tuatahi ki te puta noa i roto i nga wa onamata. hoatu e ratou a ratou ake iwi i roto i taonga nama ki te titauraa ki te hoki mai ratou i muri i te tetahi wa ki te moni. I muri i taua anga ki te hanga i ngā whare pūtea e mahi ngā mahi rerekē ki ngā tūemi faufaa. Ahu reira rite hītori o te pēke.

Bank ( «banko») iritihia i te tikanga Italian "tēpu moni". timata te tinana rawa tuatahi i roto i te tikanga hou ki Genoa Bank (1407). I roto i Ingarangi, ka hanga te whare pūtea tuatahi i roto i 1664, a ka tonu timata ki te kia kawea i roto i hokohoko, me te kaupapa here öhanga. I roto i te US, puta tenei hui i roto i te 1781 (ki te haerenga mai o Bank o Philadelphia).

Ko te putanga o tahataha i Russia

He te hītori o te putanga o pareparenga i roto i to tatou whenua ona pakiaka i 1665. hanga Voivod Athanasius Ordin-Nashchokin he whakamātau ki te whakatū i te whakahaere i roto i te pātai, engari e kore ana tautooraa i whakaaetia e te kāwanatanga. te kitenga o te whakaaro i roto i 1733, i roto i te kāwanatanga Anny Ioanovny, i whakaaetia ki te puta nama. I roto i te 1754, ka hanga Erihapeti i St Petersburg te kāwanatanga, me te Merchant Bank. whakaaro Pūmanawa i mea ranei kainga ki serfs, me te he tuatahi, o te iwi taonga. I roto i 1757, te tohanga o ngā pire whakaurua i Russia. I roto i te 1769, i roto i te kāwanatanga o Catherine II whakaurua i monipuka. Neke atu i te wa, roa- te hītori o mana pūtea Russian e whanaketanga hou.

Mōhiohio e pā ana te hanganga o tahatika arumoni

haamata te hītori ki te tahatika arumoni o te mua tawhiti. whakapumautia te whakahaere tuatahi i roto i 1817. I te tikanga te reira no te kaihokohoko, a kawea atu whakawhitinga hokohoko, utu. I muri mai ka haere mai te kaha ki te puta nama wā-poto hoki te rāngai production, me kaihokohoko taea tango taurewa mō te mahi whakapaipai pūtea, ngā āhuatanga o te hanga, utu. Ina e whakanui i te ngā nama.

I roto i Russia, puta te pēke arumoni tuatahi i roto i St Petersburg (1864). Ko tōna whakapaipai mana ko te 5 miriona. Moni. Mana rēhita timata pareparenga i August 1888. pā ratou te āhuatanga ōhanga i roto i te āhua, engari whakamahia te wā tuatahi i te tino iti te māia me te rota o te iwi kihai i maia ki te haumi o ratou penapena i reira. Neke atu i te wa, te āhuatanga ke, a kua riro kiritaki maha tono ki tahatika arumoni, kia riro ratou atu rongonui. Ahakoa i roto i to tatou whenua i roto i te tau i reira i 43. I roto i te heke mai, kua nui haere tenei tau.

I muri mai, i whāngai rua nga ture, e e pā ana ki te tikanga o te whakatuwheratanga o te pēke, me te tikanga o te mana. I tangohia ki te mahia o te mahi o te pūnaha pēke e rua-taumata tohanga, ahu e te Central Bank timata ki te korero. History atu kīnaki i te whanaketanga hou: riro whakahaere arumoni te tūnga motuhake ki te kukume putunga. E ture tukua ratou ki whai wāhi i roto i te kaupapa here nama, me te ki te whai ratou ngä päpätanga huamoni. Tārewa te whakahaere ka te tika ki te kawe i roto i ngā tauwhitinga whakawhiti tauiwi i runga i te kaupapa pakipūmeka. Ahakoa te meka e te hītori o pareparenga arumoni taonga i roto i ngā huringa, tonu te hanganga o tinana pūtea tamau.

Hanganga o te pūnaha pēke. 1 me ngā wāhanga 2

lagged tawhiti muri whenua Western Russia, na puta te whanaketanga o pareparenga i te maha ngā wāhanga. tīmata te tuatahi ki te whakatū o te State Loan Bank (XVIII rau) me pumau tae noa te tau 1860 rite te whanaketanga ōhanga o te roha hiahiatia o ngā whakaurunga nama kē i roto i 1754 pareparenga mo te hanahana me kaihokohoko whakapumautia i. Heoi, ko te nuinga o taurewa kihai i hoki mai, na mutu enei whakahaere ratou mahi.

I roto i te wāhanga tuarua (1860-1917g.) Ua whakapumautia te State Bank o Russia, i te wa ano e whakatuwheratia tokomaha hapori nama. I roto i 1872, i roto i te pūnaha pēke ngā o whenua tāone tūmatanui me ngā rōpū tūmataiti. I 1880, i reira nga 49 peka, 83 ngā rōpū nama, 729 penapena me ngā rōpū taurewa, tahatika arumoni 32. He nga tari, he toa utu, whare hokohoko.

Ko te roha o te pūnaha pēke. atamira 3-5

haukotia te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao i te tupu kaha o nga mahi pēke, engari i muri i te mutunga o nga pakanga, ia āta ora ake. haere mai te toru o te atamira i te 1917, ka roa noa 1930. I muri i te whakariterite anō o te hanganga pēke o te State Bank o te RSFSR (1921). I whakapumautia, kamupene kararehe tahi, rängai me tinana pūtea rohe. hanga e te reira i te rota o te rokiroki moni hou.

I roto i te wha o nga atamira (1932-1987g.) He ko he motu pēke me te wā-poto taurewa mō te pūnaha whakapaipai haumi. I roto i tenei wā, ka whakatika moni penapena ki 968 piriona. Miria. a ka whakaputa i te pokapū mōkete pūtea tuatahi, whakarato taurewa noaa e hoko whare.

Ko te rima te taahiraa i 1988 tae noa ki te wa nei. I roto i tenei wā ki reira ko te whakapai ake āta o te pūnaha pēke. Kua riro te reira i atu matatau, mai nui haere te maha o manga i roto i te whenua, me te ki waho. hāngai kaupapa pēke Central i i te pūmautanga o te pūnaha pēke.

Kia pehea te kua te Alfa-Bank? (1990-2002)

Ko te hītori o "Alfa-Bank" tīmata ki 1990. Hoki wha nga tau, i hanga e te hanganga, te kiritaki tuatahi me hoa. I roto i August 1995, he raruraru i roto i te mākete interbank. Ngā mihi ki te whakatika i te kaupapa here pūtea, me te tikanga mātau o te whakahaere rawa, whakakaha pūmautanga pūtea, e kore tenei wā i pā i te "Alfa-Bank", e pai tonu ki te riro pono ki nga hoa Russian, me te ke.

"Alfa-Bank": te raraunga hītori mai i 1997

I roto i te 1997-1998, puritia te whare pūtea i roto i te pātai kua tūranga tiketike i roto i nui whakahaere whakatauranga ao katoa me te tuatahi i roto i ona whakataetae tukuna Eurobonds. I roto i tenei wā, i reira ko te rōpū ki te mahi, "Alfa Capital" (haumi u). puta te reira i rite te ti'amâraa riihi LLC "Alfa-Bank". I roto i te 1999, tupu kitea o te mahi, me te whakapai ake o te whatunga rohe. E rua tau i muri mai, "Alfa-Bank" tonu ki etahi, me te mākete kāinga i reira ko te tohu "Alfa Insurance".

Kia pehea te i te "Alfa-Bank" i muri i 2002?

I roto i te 2003-2007, tāpiri te kōrero o "Alfa-Bank" e whanaketanga hou: te roha o manga, issuance o Eurobonds subordinated, te hanganga o te putanga hou o "Alfa-forex" whārangi tukutuku. te peka tuatahi o te hōputu hokohoko hou whakatuwheratia i Togliatti, Nizhnevartovsk, Murmansk, Saratov, Lipetsk. I roto i tenei wā i hanga e ia te mahi pēke Ipurangi "Arepa-pāwhiri" whakapumautia "Alfa TV" ka whakaurua he pūnaha hui ataata. Te whakapai ake i te tūnga i roto i te whakatauranga nama, a riro tohu hou.

I 2008-2012, i reira nga whanaketanga hou: te tuku o kāri utu MasterCard ko Umembossed, putaatu i te ūnga hōtaka o te pūtea rangatōpū o deliveries rarawe o cars, te hanga i te kāri nama parani, he tuwhera nga tari hou. He ko he tono pēke mō smartphones me Android, kua whakaurua hangarau hou, me te whakapai ake. i mahi ai ahau ki te rota o taonga me tohu.

raraunga hītori Poto e pā ana ki te Bank o Moscow

Bank o Moscow, tona hītori rā hoki ki te puna o 1994, i rēhitatia tuatahi rite te arumoni. I muri mai, kua riro te whakahaere maha ngā tohu, ka anga ka mau mai i te ingoa "Bank o Moscow" i roto i te 2004.

I roto i te Paenga-whāwhā 2010, i runga i nga whakahau o Yuriya Luzhkova te pēke i te pūtea pa kua tohaina 7.5 bln. Moni mo te take o hea, 47% o e e hokona ki VTB. riro Bank Retail Finance te 2010 Award "Olympus pūtea" ka riro "te mākete haumi ngā" i roto i te toru o nga whakataetae ā-tau. Ko te pehea te kōrero kunenga Bank.

Kei te māngai Bank o Moscow inaianei i roto i ngā rohe tata tokomaha o Russia. Ka rite ki o 04.01.2014 i te rohe whakahaere kōwae 172, me i Moscow, a kei te 136 tari rohe. Ko te whakahaere o te whatunga i waho te whenua: i roto i Ukraine ko reira o "BM Bank", i roto i te Estonia, "te Estonian Credit Bank."

Raraunga i runga i te Central Bank o te Tau 1990-2003

History o nga pareparenga e pārongo i runga i te Central Bank. i hanga e ia 13/07/1990 a ka huaina tuatahi te State Bank o te RSFSR. A marama torutoru i muri ka haere te tikanga ki te whakatū i te hinonga ture o te whakahaere pūtea.

I roto i te tau 1991-1992, i hanga te whatunga whānui o ngā rōpū arumoni, i reira kua huringa i roto i te pūnaha pūkete, i hanga RCC (pokapū whakataunga moni), whakaurua whakarorohikotanga. Ko te wā i raro i te arotake ko te timatanga o te hoko, me te hoko o Moni ke, me ngā kōrero tāuta ki te RUPO.

Bank History (Bank o Russia) kua te raraunga e whai ake nei: i roto i te tau 1992-1995, whakatūria he pūnaha o te mātakitaki me te tirohanga o ngā rōpū arumoni i roto i te tikanga ki te ū te pūnaha pēke. Ki te tīmatanga o te pae faarava'iraa (1998), whakahouhia te Bank o Russia i roto i te tikanga ki te whakapai ake i te mahi o nga tinana arumoni, me te pūtea ki te faarahi i to ratou tere.

I roto i te 2003, whakaaro timata te whakahaere ki te whai wāhi i roto i te kaupapa ki te whakapai ake pēke mātakitaki me te pūrongo prudential. Ki te haukoti i overpricing tāwhaiwhai underpricing o paerewa whakahauanga ranei i tangohia i te tau i muri mai i te maha o ngā ture.

Bank Central: te whanaketanga i 2005 ki te 2011

I roto i te 2005, kua whakaturia te Central Bank, tona hītori he o te pānga ki tokomaha, ano te whāinga e whai ake nei: ki te whakapakari i te tiaki o te ngākau nuitanga o pūtea, ki te whakapiki ake i whakataetae, ki te ārai i ngā mahi arumoni taurite, te whakakaha i te whakawhirinaki o nama, depositors me pūtea. I muri e toru nga tau o te raruraru, mokete tuku me te whakaiti i tere i roto i te mākete o te ao kua puta ke te kaupapa here moni. Kua hāngai kautaha fakapa'anga ona ope ki te ārai i kaihau papatipu o ngā rōpū.

History o te Bank o Russia ngā e toutou tapahia ngä päpätanga huamoni i te 2009, tae atu refinancing (i 13% ki te 8,75%). I hanga he tikanga ki te tautoko i te mākete interbank i roto i te pae faarava'iraa. Kua whakaratohia e te Bank o Russia taurewa ki ētahi atu tinana pūtea kahore haumaru, engari i muri ke te whakatau i te tau. päpätanga huamoni iti (i 8,75% ki 7,75%). No te timatanga waenganui-2010 ki te whakatika, pikinga me te moni reiti nui haere e 0,25%. I tua atu, ka nui atu mārō kaupapa here moni. Ko te pehea te kōrero kunenga Bank. Ko te Bank o Russia i te wa hakari tonu ki te whakapai ake i ngā tikanga pūtea, me te whakatinana i ngā pūnaha auaha e whakarite pūmautanga.

Ko te hītori o ngā tahataha whanaketanga: whakatauranga nama

Kei te haere kiritaki ki te tango i te pūtea tārewa pēke, Me ki ako mōhiohio taipitopito e pā ana ki reira. He kore noa urupare nui i ngā kaitono e mua, engari ano hoki te whakatauranga nama: te teitei ko reira, te atu pono kautaha fakapa'anga. Katoa o tenei e taea te kitea i runga i te rauemi tukutuku e hāngai ana, engari whakaratohia wahi o nga raraunga, kia rite ki o Mei me Hune 2014 te i roto i te arotake nei.

He reira pareparenga e puta loans ki kiritaki ki hītori nama rawakore?

Ka taea e te tangata te tono ki ngā whare pēke reo-rahi e kore e e rapua e ngā mōhiohio i runga i te utu pūmau o mua. Ko te tikanga ko reira he kuao whakahaere, ko tona whāinga ko ki te kukume kiritaki i tetahi tikanga. Ka taea e ratou te hoatu i te moni o te moni, ara hoki te iwi ki te hītori nama rutaki, engari meatia e ratou i te reira mo te ora protsenty.Sovremennuyu tiketike he uaua ki te whakaaro i waho te taurewa. I te tahi taime, e kore e taea e te kiritaki utu i runga i te wā i te nui e hiahiatia ana (huringa o mahi, whakaiti, whakaiti o utu, a na i runga i. D.), A tae noa ki te ka te hoki mai nama muri i runga i raraunga utu tomo te he pātengi raraunga motuhake, whakamōhio e pā ana ki te unreliability o te tangata. Ki te ano ka hiahia ia ki te tango i loans, mea katoa kia whakatutuki ai reira pareparenga ki hītori nama kino he tino uaua ki te tango i roto i te taurewa ano. Heoi, i roto i o tenei āhuatanga ko.

e kore e tu te hangarau Banking tonu me e tipu tonu. Ko te kupu, ake kounga ratonga, faaohie maha whakawhitinga pūtea, te whakapai ake i te tika o te pūnaha. Na reira, i muri i te 5 tau, he pea ki te ara ki te taumata hou te pūnaha pēke.