Icebreaker "Chelyuskin": hītori me te whakarau

Ko te rongonui Icebreaker "Chelyuskin" hanga i roto i te tau 1933 i roto i Denmark i te raupapa o te kāwanatanga Soviet. Tuatahi, ko te oko hou i "Lena" (te meka e i te tikanga ai mo te haere i waenganui i Vladivostok me te mangai o te awa Lena). Ko te "Chelyuskin" i whakaingoatia i runga i te mahana o te ope neke rongonui. haapa'o tima ki te paerewa tino hou katoa o tona wa. i rite ki te 7.5 mano taranata tōna displacement.

misioni ahurei

āhuatanga tino e wehewehe te Icebreaker "Chelyuskin", ngā te aro o te kaihōpara Soviet neke Otto Schmidt. Tenei matawhenua me mathematician moe o te wikitoria i te Moana Raki Route - te ara ārahi ki te Pacific Ocean haere te rohe raki o Eurasia. i rite ki te mahi i tetahi mea mo tona mahere Schmidt. I 1932, ko ia i runga i te kaipuke "Aleksandr Sibiryakov" patua te ara i te Moana White ki te Moana Barents.

kua meinga Icebreaker "Chelyuskin" mo tenei ngākaunui he tikanga ki te whakawhanake i rātou angitu rangahau. i whakakikitia Schmidt General Directorate o te Moana Northern Route ki te whakamahi i te kaipuke i roto i tona haere whakamātau hou. Ko te raruraru e, i roto i te noa'tu o tona hurihuri, ko "Chelyuskin" matua te kaipuke utanga. kihai i kaihoahoa pai ia mo te whakatere tino i roto i te potae tio poara. arahina tenei ki te mate o te oko i mua nei.

Teuteu mo tou Trip

whāinga rikarika hahaereraa Icebreaker "Chelyuskin" ue'i maha inapō nei kua whakatapua ratou ora ki te ako o te Te Tai Tokerau. Heoi, i roto i te reo tākare whakatangi pātai tika e pā ana ki te pai o te kaipuke mo te ope heke mai. Ko tētahi taua Mahalo ko te rangatira o te kaipuke, Vladimir Voronin. I muri ako i te "Chelyuskin", ka mea ia ki te aroaro o te whakahau mōhiohio o te maha o kohakore hoahoa. Te Northern Moana Route, Heoi, utua te whakarongo ki a ratou.

Icebreaker "Chelyuskin" whakatakotoria atu August 2, 1933. Rere i runga i te kaipuke, e 112 tangata i Murmansk. kihai i etahi o ratou tika hono ki te ope. Ko te kupu, tetahi o kairuri ka mau i runga i te poari hoa hapu. Ko te kaipuke i puhoi te pokea iho rite i runga i te poari hoatu kawenga atu, reconnaissance wakareretai me te maha nga whare motumotu mō whakataunga i runga i te moutere o Wrangel.

I roto i te Moana Kara

Haere i te Icebreaker Strait Matochkin "Semyon Chelyuskin" i roto i te Moana Kara, te wahi e tatari ai mo te tuatahi floes tio e wehingia ana. E hinga ēnei tutukitanga poti, kahore tetahi raruraru. Heoi, ka haere te roa te ope, i ki tonu te haere i te taimaha te waka.

I roto i te Moana Kara, ka haere mai te kaipuke puta noa te motu koraha nui, e kore e rārangi i runga i tetahi mahere. Kua pēnei Studies tenei tāpiritanga ke. ka tahuri te "hou" motu i roto i ki te waiho i te motu o te tūmataiti. I whakatuwheratia te reira i roto i te rau tau XIX, me anō i roto i 1915, he ope Otto Sverdrupa. tahuri te reira i roto i taua ko te motu mahere ae rite nui rite 50 maile ki te rawhiti o tona wāhi tūturu. i taea pohehe ki te whakatau i te mahi i runga i "Chelyuskin" arorangi, kairūri Yakov Gakkel.

Na, he hui ki te tio mōrearea tonu. Ko te kino tuatahi, ko te pirau o te Stringer, aru e te anga pakaru. haere mai Remov kaipūkaha ake ki te hoahoa angitu o huaki rakau, whakakapinga o nga wahi hapa, engari e kore te reira e taui i te meka e kore e te "Chelyuskin" whai ki te haere ki te koraha Arctic anake.

Hei tāuta i te wahi hou, wetekina ana te waka i te mau kopere (pupuru ana te reira waro). i tenei mahi teimaha ki te mahi i nga mea katoa: pūtaiao, kaipuke, kaihanga me whakahaere pakihi oko. i wehea ngā mema o te ope ki ngā kapa, me te wa e polé ki te mahi. I muri, i roto i te hotoke i runga i te huka, te parau tumu ano o te whakahaere o te mahi i roto i te pepa Chelyuskintsev.

herehere tio

i āraia rawa Mahuru 23 kaipuke. karapotia tio Mārō ka herea ia ki e pā ana ki te wahi taua wahi te tau i mua mutu te kaipuke "Aleksandr Sibiryakov."

Ki te tae te whāinga hopea o te pakanga, te Wrangel Island, e kore i taea e Schmidt. Na tonu Icebreaker "Chelyuskin" ope i roto i te taiao katoa hou. Ko te kaipuke i neke ki te rawhiti, me te tere tau-maha tio. Whiringa 4 tomo ia ki nga wai o te Bering Strait. I te kikokore i te huka, a ka wehea te wai parakore i te waka te ara o te maha kiromita. E au ra e he mooni te faaoraraa haumaru.

E kore e matara atu ana i te "Chelyuskin" ko Icebreaker "Litke". patua ana tona rangatira ki te āwhina i kaipuke ki mawhiti i te whare herehere te huka. Otiia kihai Otto Schmidt ki te tautoko i te tumanako e te kaipuke ano e kia noa. I tenei wa, i hanga te kaipūtaiao, he hapa mate, mo e iku utua atu te waka katoa o te Icebreaker "Chelyuskin".

ke Moody tere tona aronga ka tonoa te kaipuke i roto i te huarahi i te ritenga o te koraha Arctic. ka mohio ia tona gaffe Schmidt kua runga ona kaupapa ake, tono te āwhina o "Litke", engari ko reira te mutunga rawa. Na tūmanakohia te waka makariri i roto i te hukapapa ngaro. Ano, ka whakatangi te neke te whakaoho - kahore tetahi i taea rarā i mo te haumaru o te kaipuke i roto i nga tikanga tino o te Far Te Tai Tokerau. 13 Huitanguru 1934 Kua riro tino te kaipuke hou ki te raro. Ko te take tinana o te mate o te Icebreaker "Chelyuskin" ko te pēhanga kaha o te huka, whawhati i roto i tona taha maui.

Hōneatanga i te oko

He haora torutoru i mua i te denouement, ka ka te reira mārama e ka haere i te kaipuke ki te raro, ka anga ia he hōneatanga hohoro o te iwi. whakahaere te kapa ki te whakawhiti ki te huka a tawhio noa o te taputapu me ngā taputapu. i nui ki te waihanga i te iti rawa te tahi mau puni rangitahi enei mea. I roto i te tangata kotahi i mate i roto i te hōneatanga. Ia i runga i te ati poromu e maru neke kawenga.

Icebreaker "Chelyuskin", mutu i rima haora i roto i te ahiahi, ka mahue i runga i tio 104 iwi nei hītori. I roto ia ratou e rua tamariki, tae atu ki te tamahine hou o tetahi o nga kai ruri. Mau tetahi i runga i tetahi ki te ao neke mauähara, te waka i te rua o nga ra i haere i roto i te pane o te karere kino. whakapumautia Communication Chelyuskinites raro i te mātakitaki o te operator irirangi matua Krenkel. Āhua tata, i Cape Wellen, teihana rohe kei, i tuku he karere. A, no te Otto Schmidt, he tau ki te aroaro o taua i runga i te ohorere "Sibiryakov", kitea ia ia i roto i te āhuatanga ōrite. kihai i reira teihana takutai, a kua whakapumautia te hononga i roto i Crabber i te Moana o Okhotsk.

ora puni

Whiwhi i runga i runga i te floe huka, wetekina ana te waka i te kaipuke e kore e moe anake peke teneti, engari ano hoki ngā rauemi hanga. Kia i runga i te mimiha o te mate whakakitea te piringatahi me whakahaere rōpū, kia e i roto i te whakahaere i te puni ki te whakatū i rawa te ora tika. i hanga hoia, he kīhini me te pourewa tohu.

Mai i nga ra tuatahi o to koutou noho i runga i te hukapapa e kore he mahi rangahau haukotia. Katoa hydrologists me ruri ra ki te whakatau i te wāhi tangohia o te puni. Pahuhu tio kihai i mutu, na ko reira tika ki te tātai wā nga taunga o to koutou wāhi. Hoki tenei whakaaro he theodolite me sextant. I roto i to tatou noho i runga i te huka o te waka i tino kino anake Otto Schmidt, nei i kitea ki te kakā. Nā ki te mate o te matenga o te ope e kore e puni i whakatahia i roto i te whakamutunga, me te 76th.

kauhoe titauraa

I roto i Moscow, whakatupato te whakaoranga o te Icebreaker "Chelyuskin", ranei, kaua, te matakoma o te whenua i runga i ona noho, i te kōmihana kāwanatanga, haere e te mema matua o te rōpū Valerian Kuibyshev. I te ra tuatahi i muri i te fariiraa i pūrongo o ngā mema raruraru o te kāwanatanga i tonoa ki te waea fakalototo'a raki. Otiia, e kore e ara nga fakapapau koa o te Komiti Central whakakorea fifi o te mahi.

i pera tawhiti atu e anake te ara ki te whakaora ia ratou i ki te whakamahi i te rererangi kaihōpara neke. I roto i te hohoro ki Chukotka haere ki te pai kaiurungi Soviet. i kahakina atu rerekē o te whakamahi i te waewae kuri-reti ranei i runga i o whakawhitinga tata tonu. I o ratou waewae ki runga ki mōkihi tio taea ra neke haere te tawhiti o te 10 kiromita. I te whakawhitinga taua te kaiwhakatere Valerian Albanova i runga i Franz Josef Whenua, te mea i tupu i roto i 1914, i tona kapa o te iwi ma wha ora e rua anake.

Whakaorangia o te waka o te Icebreaker "Chelyuskin" ko he mahi ahurei, ki te kahore anake te mea i i te tīariari kahore rererangi Arctic, i roto i te USSR kore anake, engari ano i roto i tetahi atu whenua i roto i te ao. I roto i te kaiurungi tuatahi kua timata ki te rapu hoki Schmidt ka whakamatauria ana tangata pairati Anatoly Liapidevskii. I mua i a koutou te mutunga kitea Chelyuskinites, hanga Aviator 28 rahua whakamātau ki te kitea te wāhi e tika ana. 29 anake ngā wā, 5 Maehe 1934, kite Liapidevskii i te raro o te wakareretai tuatahi, a ka te iwi a tawhio noa ia ia.

Na, i te mea kua kitea te reira i te wahi i reira Icebreaker totohu "Chelyuskin", ka te hōneatanga i raro i ara. ka mau a Ant-4 Lyapidevsky i te poari i te wahine katoa me ngā tamariki (12), ka tonoa ratou e ki te kainga tata. Heoi, i muri i te angitu tuatahi i aru e te kore tuatahi. pūkaha faaora rererangi pakaru, i muri i kinakitia te mahi te.

Ko te whakamahi o te rererangi i tenei, heoi e kore he iti,. Ki te raki i haere matou mua. Reira tamata hoki ki te wahi i Chelyuskintsev Icebreaker "Krasin" me ATVs tautoko. Otiia, ko reira te rererangi i hanga he koha nui ki te hua angitu o te putaputa poara. e rua nga marama katoa o te ora i roto i te huka o te tangata o i mahi i roto i taua i te puni i rite ki te titiro hoki airfields ratou rererangi. Katoa ra, te tangata i roto i te huri e tuku runways, e kore ngaro tumanako ki te hoki mai te kāinga.

whakaora tonu

Toia Chelyuskinites o te whare herehere tio anō i runga i te 7 o Paenga-whāwhā. Na i roto i te mahi whai wāhi te maha o ngā kaiurungi rongonui. Michael Vodopianov muri tango wahi i roto i te tuku ngā ki te teihana tere tuatahi "Te Tai Tokerau Pou-1", ko Nicholas Kamanin hei te rangatira o te rōpū tuatahi o cosmonauts Soviet. Ko reira i roto i te faaora, a te tahi atu kaiurungi rongonui: Mauritius horseflies Vasiliy Molokov, Ivan Doronin. Ko tētahi atu pairati, Sigismund Levanevsky, kua i ia he aituā - kitea ano ia, a whakaorangia.

Icebreaker "Chelyuskin", nei hītori kua ki tonu o taua kōrero, e tika o te pukapuka matotoru urutaunga mata utu ranei kua, ka tetahi o nga pūāhua matua o tona wa. ka whai pānga tēnei ingoa ki te wairua pakeke me te itoito o te hunga e kua awhinatia iwi ki te hoki mai te kāinga. Mau i roto i te waka neke hukapapa whiti i roto i te Vankarem - puni Chuckchee iti, kua meinga nei e te pokapū o te mahi katoa faaora.

Ko reira ngā e ki e rave rahi mau taata i te kaipuke, te whakamahi i te wakareretai ora tae te whāinga atawhai anake. Muri i te waka i mahue rangatira waka ngaro Vladimir Voronin. I te April 13, ko ia i roto i Vankarem. ka mau ra Final o te mahi wahi i roto i te āhuatanga piki io - Icefield āta ngaro. muri te ra i muri i te faaora Voronin tupuhi kaha whakangaromia te puni rangitahi.

ho'iraa

I roto i te waka faaora me ia Icebreaker "Chelyuskin", kua ka nei he whakaahua o niupepa Soviet me tokomaha katoa ao, ko te pokapū o te aro o mirioni o te iwi. Umere i te hua angitu o te whakaari ko te motu neke. Whakaahuareka o iwi mau e taea kia ngāwari faataa: kahore rite i roto i te aamu o te rererangi ao me te whakaterenga kua kore ano tupu.

Ka mau wahi i roto i te hōneatanga i Chelyuskinites kaiurungi nga Heroes tuatahi o te Soviet Union. whakapumautia tenei tohu āhua teitei i runga i te mahana o te mau ohipa i roto i te Far Te Tai Tokerau. riro ia te Order o Lenin me rua Ameliká (William Le Verrier me Klayd Armsted), nei ka mau tiaki o te rererangi kawemai, i pa ai mō te faaoraraa o te kaumoana puta i runga i te mata o te mate. Kaiuru i tio hautoa ki te whakaminenga oi roto i Moscow. ngā pakeke katoa Chelyuskintsev ora te hotoke kino, whakawhiwhia Whero Ihowanihi.

Afterword

Ko te mate o te kaipuke meinga te kaiārahi Soviet ki te huri i to ratou huru ki te rangahau neke. I muri hoki mai ki Moscow, ua faaite Schmidt te raupatu o te Moana Northern Route. Otiia, whakaaro maha tohunga ke nga hua o te ope e kore e pera rosy. Kotahi ara ranei tetahi, engari i roto i te wheako USSR Chelyuskinskaya kua reira kua ako. Mai tīmata te rewena ki te tupu i te kaipuke o icebreakers. Na te oko ia wa tahi e te kaipuke utanga mua e kore i taea e e takitahi hanga i tona ara i roto i te koraha poara.

e rave rahi whakamātau ki te kitea te rongonui whakaukia "Chelyuskin" I roto i te wā Soviet. E rua o enei haerenga rapu i whakaritea i roto i te 1970. kaiuru atu waimarie o te pakanga i roto i te tau 2006, i awhinatia whakahaere te whakahaere o te Chukotka motuhake District, te tari matua o te Moana, me te Russian Academy o Sciences. i taea ki te whakaara i te takere moana ētahi wāhanga o te kaipuke tohunga. I tonoa ēnei tao'ao ki Copenhagen, ia kotahi te wahi hanga, me te "Chelyuskin". I muri te taki i te grille ventilation, ka haere mai nga tohunga ki te mutunga e tino reira no ki te waka.