Iti Palekh. Iwi hī i roto i te kainga o Palekh

Ko tētahi o nga momo tino ataahua o mahi tangata ko te iti kararehe Russian, pokapū hou o e kei i roto i Palekh, Fedoskino, Mstera ko Kholui. pokapū tahito o tenei toi - te kainga o Palekh o te rohe Ivanovo, i nei te toi i runga i te mau tenetere, pania kore anake ata, engari pania ano hoki nga taiepa i roto i te hahi Siu, ka whakahokia nga hahi tawhito me cathedrals. iti Palekh, i whakatika rite ki te hua o ngā whakarerekētanga pāpori me te ahurea e kua puta i roto i Russia i muri i te Oketopa Revolution o 1917, i taea e ki te tiaki i te whakarerenga iho tau-tau o te peita icon me te whakawhiti ratou ki puka hou, me te whakaki i te kore faufaa ki te ihirangi hapori.

Ko te hītori o te kararehe Russian

Kua vai ana te peita kararehe Russian mō neke atu i te rua rau tau. Kei te whakaaro te reira ki te hei i te timatanga o te mutunga o te rau tau XVIII, ka whakaturia te kaihokohoko Moscow Korobov he wheketere mo te hanga o visors lacquered tikanga mo nga pōtae ope Russian. puta ahua i muri iti lacquered, ka i te Russian ritenga marae emepaea o oko ngarahu ka huatau. i taea e tino hohoro ki te whakarite i te hanga o ngā pouaka kararehe iti Korobov - ngarahu. Neke atu i te wa, enei gizmos kua whakamahia ki te whakapaipai i te ruma. Fakatatau ki ai, hei teitei ratou whakaritenga whakapaipai. E kite he rerekē i ngā tauira Western o pehea mahi i muri mai o kaitoi Russian te tikanga o te mahi, me te i runga i ngā kaupapa nei i te korerotia pūāhua motu. Ko te kupu, i roto i te kararehe iti Russian puta pūāhua me scenes i tales iwi me ngā pakiwaitara o te tuhinga Russian puāwaitanga me te tawhito, whakaatu i nga whakarerenga iho Russian me ara o te ora, ki te whakaputa uri te ataahua o te natura a tawhio noa.

Pokapū o Miniatures kararehe Russian

I roto i te Russia tenei ra i reira e wha pokapū, e kei te kaha te whanake ora ngā tikanga tawhito o te toi Russian o peita kararehe iti: Fedoskino, Palekh, Holuy ko Mstera. I mua i te huringa o 1917 nga kainga katoa anake Fedoskino, i mohiotia i roto i Russia rite te pokapū nui o peita icon, i hanga e kore anake te icon, engari faaineine ano mo te faaho'iraa mai o te ariki me te taiepa peita o te mau hiero. Ia o enei pokapū waihanga i te ata i roto i te noa iho Siu, engari reira ano hoki i ona ake Tohu Hei motuhake. E nga rangatira o Kholui, tae noa ki taea i roto i te iconography, i tata ki te talena tuku iho Russian, aru noho Mstera nga whakarerenga iho o nga hapori Old whakapono o rerekē rohe Russian, Palekh toi mahi te nuinga o ngā ata Mo'oní Siu.

Kia pehea te i iconography i Palekh

I roto i te rau tau XVI kua puta ake Palekh noho i raro i te mana o te pokapū iconography mua ka timata Kholui Shuya ki tamata tona ringa i tuhituhi ata. he torutoru a tino angitu kore karanga ratou nganatanga.

I roto i te waenganui o te rautau XVII tae te rongo o nga kaipeita icon Palekh Moscow, a kei te karangatia toi ki te mahi mahi i te marae kingi. Ki te i roto i te rau tau XVII i te kawanatanga o Vladimir icon i tuhituhi tata nga kainga nui, i roto i te rau tau XVIII ko te pokapū e toru ngā ata matua: Holuy, Mstera ko Palekh. Paleshane, pērā noho o atu ahumahi Mstera Kholui me, tae noa ngā te timatanga o XIX rautau ratou ahuwhenua tuku iho ki te tuhituhi o ngā ata i roto i to koutou wa noa i roto i te mara. Vyrisovalas āta mātakitaki i nga whakarerenga iho o nga ata i āta hanga a nga utu.

whakaaro te timatanga o te rau tau XIX ko te tino pokea ana o peita icon Palekh. Tīmataria i roto i ngā ata Palekh hokona i roto i te pane kore anake, me te i roto i te nui pa Russian, engari ki waho ano hoki.

Na roto i te waenganui o te rau tau XIX i Palekh whakaritea awheawhe tuatahi no Safonov, Corinne, ko Nanykinu UDALOVA. Na roto i te timatanga o XX rau, hei te hanga o ngā ata, kua whānui, iti me te iti iho kounga. Ko te haerenga mai o whakapakoko cheap, tā typographically, arahina ki te heke o te iconography me te whakakorenga o te maha toa pai-mohiotia. I roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau rua tekau i roto i Kholui, ki Palekh ko Mstera tiaki nga whakarerenga iho o Russian icon awheawhe whakangungu Komiti peita kaitiakitanga i hanga, i roa noa 1917.

Ko te wā Soviet

I muri i te Oketopa Revolution, ki runga ki te 1923, te nuinga o te toi i roto i Palekh kore mahi. haere te tangata i roto i te rapu o te mahi i roto i te pa, kua tamata etahi ki te hanga taonga tākaro, rihi ranei hu mumu. Tae noa 1923 i reira i te maha o ngā whakamātau ki te urutau te mua icon-peita i te pouaka, taonga tākaro me oko rakau. Heoi, kihai i mea haere rite te pai kia rite ki te hiahia mo te tuku o buka nui i reiti iti, me te āhua rawa o te hua arahina ki te hanga o ngā hua iti-te kounga.

Ko te rā, i te hanga i te reira e te Palekh kararehe ano iti, i roto i te puka i roto i nei e matau tatou i te reira me i titiro rite te mutunga o 1922, timata o 1923. Ko reira e ki he artist whare tapere Ivan Golikov workpieces ferrous hanga o te pepa-kāpia waihanga i tētahi hanganga "Arama i Pararaiha." Ko hiahia i roto i te whakahaere o te handicraft Museum (tenei ra - Folk Art Museum) tenei mahi, i ko ki te tuku artist area uouo, me te utu mo tona mahi. I roto i te heke mai, hono te tukanga I. V. Markichev, AV me IP Kotuhin Vakurov. Hanga e enei toi i te aroaro i roto i te tau 1923 i te National Art me Ahumahi Exhibition i Moscow, a ka whakawhiwhia i te pōkairua o te tohu 1. I roto i te 1924, faaite te toi i roto i Venice, a i roto i te tau 1925 - i roto i Paris, i reira i hanga e ia he illius, a koa angitu nui. arahina tenei katoa ki te meka e te Hakihea 5, 1924 i roto i Palekh vv ko AV Kotuhinymi, AI ko AI I.Zubkovymi, Markicheva IV, IM me I. Na Bakanov i hanga. Golikov Artel o peita tahito.

Hou Palekh fehangahangai iti he maha o ngā raruraru: te tuatahi o te katoa, e hiahiatia ana e matou he rauemi hou - he pepa-kāpia, nei hangarau i kore pai-mohiotia toi, Paleshane, ano, ko reira tika ki te neke i te peita ata tukutuku flat mō te hōputu taonga me ngā tūemi e whakarato rōrahi me te āhua.

Ko tino nui te momo o ngā āhua, me pania rangatira kaupapa Palekh: poroporo, bisernitsy, pouaka, pouaka, take hikareti me ngā pouaka ngarahu, take eyeglass me pouaka paura, me te nui atu. iti Palekh o te wa kua he timatanga whakapaipai korerotia, engari kāore te reira i te whakapakoko oraora, me te tipu pakiwaitara. Ko te waiata tino angitu, me te rongonui o te wa, ko te whawhai, te cowherd, hopu, paati me kāhui tau.

Haumaru ki te mea e ko te reira i roto i te 20 o te rau tau rua tekau i roto i Palekh kararehe iti i hanga i raro i te mana o e rua te icon-peita iho tawhito Russian, me te ao o te toi.

Ko te tau he vahaataimi

I roto i te tekau tau tuatahi o te rangimarie, rangatira maha o Miniatures Palekh i ana mahi whakaatu ngā scenes whawhai, tata puta e rua i te Pakanga o te Ao Tuarua me ētahi atu whawhai nui e kawea rongo ki te ope Russian. I roto i te rima tekau, kia rite ki fakaangá maha, e te faaruru kararehe iti Palekh he raruraru kitea, i meinga e te huru o maha toi ki talena nui, panaia atu o te mahi, me te whaiāipo whakamahine āhuatanga o mahi o tau o mua. iti Palekh, aroaro raro photo, āta whakaatu te mana o te Māoritanga Soviet o te wa i runga i te toi.

Nui talena, monumentality me pathos tohu te nuinga o nga mahi hanga i roto i enei tau, ahakoa, ka noho kua ora taua etahi rangatira te whakarerenga iho o romanticism me te kura tawhito.

E huru no te Heoi i te monumentality me haere naturalistic nui, engari ano riro te maunga, me te kōkōuri whaiāipo hoki ki te kararehe iti Palekh whiti, me te aua. I roto i tenei wā, karanga paleshane toi ki te puna iwi e kore e anake, engari ano hoki ki nga mahi o te tuhinga puāwaitanga, me te ki waiata hou. I te wa ano ngā hapori nui, pērā i, mo te tauira, rere wāhi tangata, a kitea tona whakaaro i roto i te mahi o te rangatira.

Ko te hitu ahuru, me eighties o te rau tau XX ko te wa o koa tonu i o peita Palekh. E karangatia toi Palekh ki te whakawhanake i huinga o ngā hōtaka kōnohete, whakapaipai mō ngā tamariki me te whare ahurea.

hurihuri

Ka ora nga 90 uaua, kua mahue paleshane ratou ika tuku iho. kura toi Palekh tau hua kaitoi taitamariki, āta tiaki i te ngā tikanga me ngā āhuatanga, e he na ngā iti Palekh. I teie mahana i reira e rave rahi ētahi, me pakihi whānau, kua hanga i roto i te Palekh kararehe ware tuku iho.

āhuatanga motuhake

peita Palekh, rite tetahi atu toi iwi kua e kua hanga e i roto i te tahi mau wāhi, he ona ake āhuatanga me ngā tikanga motuhake. Ka rite ki kua whakahuatia, te ika rongonui mō ngā rau tau whakamoemiti Palekh. tangohia ata karakōnui lacquered i runga i te plurality o ngā āhuatanga, pērā i, mo te tauira, te hanganga hanga, me te aro-hu'ahu'a ki taipitopito. Ka taea e tatou te mea e whakatika te iti Palekh i ngā tikanga tawhito o te peita icon. Mai i te tahi atu kura tūmatanui āhuatanga Palekh kāhua peita kararehe e te āhuatanga e whai ake nei:

• prorisovyvanie titonga mārō me ngā kaupapa;
• peita iti;
• tauira me te tauira whakapaipai momonatanga;
• hu'ahu'a taipitopito o ia huānga;
• elongation me te fragility o tau tangata;
• tuhono o te tuhi wahi tinana o te iwi;
• he momo o ngā whakawhitinga tae;
• Whakamahia ngā pouri;
• te whakamahi o te hua tempera;
• koura peitatanga.

Ko roto i te tikanga mo te artist i taea ki te tīmata te hanga karakōnui, me tuatahi te hanga koe i te hua pepa-kāpia e ka haina.

Me pēhea te ki te hanga pepa-kāpia?

Kei te hanga te reira o te pepa, e te tapahia i mua ki takai, pania ki te whakapiri, te paraoa witi maoa, a ka tono ki te pokepokea ai rakau (Ingot) inaki. I muri koutou whiwhi i te matotoru hiahiatia, tahi me whakaritea te pātea pepa e i roto i te press motuhake. I raro i te pēhanga, kua tahuri ratou ki korere o ngā āhua me te rahi o. E maroke kōpeke kupu hononga i te pāmahana rūma mo e pā ana ki e rua wiki. tuku iho te preform maroke te i te po ki te whakamahana hinu linseed mo te impregnation, i muri i nei e maroke ratou mo wha nga ra i roto i te oumu motuhake i roto i nei tonu te pāmahana te i 120 ⁰ C. I roto i te taahiraa i muri mai te workpiece he oneone, me te primed. I muri huri ana i tona maha mata waho superposed paparanga o kararehe pango, me te roto - wanihi Oil ki cinnabar. I te mutunga o te tukanga lacquered te mata katoa ki maha o ngā paparanga o te marama kararehe. I muri i te tono o ia paparanga o te preform maroke te i te tetahi pāmahana i roto i te oumu. i muri i anake enei whawhe katoa, ka taea ki te tīmata peita te toi.

Techniques me ngā tikanga

Ka rite ki kua tuhia, tetahi o nga āhuatanga nohoia e Palekh kararehe peita iti ko te peita egg tempera. I roto i te kore e tikanga ki te peita pana ki te mata wanihi maheni, te rawa ka atawhai te reira ki te kohatu pungapunga. tono te aratau o te pikitia i mua nei e ki te hua, he pene koi me te underpainting mahi. Ko reira hoki a ia, a ka tono ki te rangatira me te plurality o mārama ngā papa angiangi o te peita. takahanga taketake Tapeke o te hanga i te whakapakoko o e rima:

1. Roskrysh - matua silhouettes basting me takiwa.

2. tukua Residence - haamaramaramaraa i te takiwa, me te atarangi.

3. Plavi - tono fatty wai lessirovochnomu whiu peita.

whakamana notching koura rewa - 4. Blikovka.

5. Tōpū peita tauira koura.

I muri iho, whirihora whakapaipai koura rite akete koeko oro wuruhi te niho ranei, ka pani te tuhinga katoa ki 6-7 paparanga o kararehe. I muri i maroke tono o ia mahi te, oro i runga i te uma oro motuhake, a ka haere oti ringa oro. papa lacquered, oro ki te mutu whakaata, hoatu te pikitia he hohonu tāpiri me hanga te peita "tangi" atu taonga, me te ngohengohe.