Kiato hauota

Hauota - huānga matū o te pūnaha wā, whakaritea e te pukapuka N me te mea he tau raupapa 7. He ko he N2 rāpoi ngota, arā, o rua ngota. Tenei matū Ko te hau te huitahi, koreami me akeake rite ko reira e mangere i raro i ngā āhuatanga paerewa. Ko te kiato o te hauota i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa (i 0 ° C me te pēhanga o 101,3 kPa) he rite ki te 1.251 g / dm3. Ko te huānga, ko te wahi o te kōhauhau o te whenua i roto i te nui o 78,09% o tona rōrahi. I te tuatahi kitea te reira i rite te wāhanga o te rangi rata Kotimana Daniel Rutherford i 1772.

hauota wai ko te wai cryogenic. I pēhanga kōhauhau whewhe reira i - 195,8 ° C. Na reira, e taea te rongoa reira anake i roto i te oko taratahi, e he tāke maitai mō hau liquified ranei ipu Dewar. Anake i roto i tenei take e taea te rongoa reira kawea kahore tetahi mate e tika ana ki te te whakaetonga ranei. Ka rite ki tio maroke (liquefied hauhā, te kore e mohiotia ana ko te hauhā), whakamahia hauota wai te rite te refrigerant. I tua atu, kei te whakamahia te reira mo te cryopreservation o toto, pūtau whakaputa uri (parāoa me hua) me ētahi atu tauira koiora me ngā rauemi. ka ui ia, ka i roto i mahi haumanu, hei tauira i roto i te cryotherapy i roto i te tango i cysts me kiritona i runga i te kiri. kiato hauota wai ōrite 0,808 g / cm3.

He maha pūhui industrially nui pērā i te waikawa hauota, te haukini, pūhau organic (explosives, kora) me cyanides Kei N2. Tino kaha here hauota timatanga i roto i te rāpoi ngota ai fifi mo tona whai wāhitanga i roto i tauhohe matū, he reira e tika ana ki tona tūpuku i raro i ngā āhuatanga paerewa (pāmahana me te pēhanga). Tae atu enei take ko N2 o faufaa nui i roto i te maha mara pūtaiao, me te ahumahi. Hei tauira, he mea e tika ana ki te mau tonu i roto i te pēhanga situ i te tangohanga o te hinu hau ranei. Tetahi ona tono mahi pūtaiao ranei titau ki mohio he aha te mea te kiato o te hauota i te pēhanga ngā me te pāmahana. Mai i nga ture o te ahupūngao me te thermodynamics e mohiotia ai e i rōrahi tamau ki te hua i roto i te pāmahana ka nui ake te pēhanga me te mātotoru o te hau, a hurihia.

A, no te me aha te mahi e hiahia ana matou ki te mohio te kiato o te hauota? whakamahia Tātaitanga o tenei tawhā te ka hoahoa tukanga puta te whakamahi i N2, i roto i te taiwhanga me i roto i te ahumahi. Mā te whakamahi i te uara o te kiato o te hau mohiotia, he reira taea ki te tātai i te papatipu o te tetahi rōrahi. Hei tauira, kua mohiotia ai e tango te rōrahi hau i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa o 20 dm3. I roto i tenei take, he mea ka taea ki te tātai i te taimaha: m = 20 • 1,251 = 25,02 go Ki te tikanga i tua atu i te paerewa, me te rōrahi mohiotia o N2 i raro i enei tikanga, me tuatahi kitea reira (mo whaiaronga), te kiato o te hauota i te pēhanga tautuhi me te pāmahana, me te kei te ka whakanuia tenei uara i te rōrahi nohoia e te hau.

E kawea taua tātaitanga i roto i runga i te hanga i roto i te faaineineraa o pauna rauemi o tukanga wae. He tika ratou mo te whakahaere o ngā tukanga hangarau, kōwhiringa o te whakatangitangi, tātaitanga o ngā tawhā hangarau, me te ōhanga, me te ake. Hei tauira, i muri i tu katoa taputapu hanga matū me putorino me te aroaro o te whakatuwheratanga, me te tauranga ki te kia, he mea hanga te poke ki te hau e mangere - hauota (ko reira te na'ina'i me tino wātea ana atu, hei tauira, haumāmā hauhauhā ranei). Tikanga, kua puhia ratou i roto i te rahinga taua N2, i te mea e rave rahi taime te rōrahi o waka pipelines ranei, anake te ara ki te tango i te pūnaha o te haurehu pūkākā me kohu, me te whakakore i te pahūtanga ahi ranei. Te whakamahere i te mahi tu i mua i te hanga, kaitoi, te mohio ki te rōrahi me te mātotoru o te pūnaha e riringi o hauota, Tātaitia N2 papatipu, e hiahiatia ana e te mo te whakatangi.

Hei te faaohie i te tātai, e kore e nei rapua e pū, taurite hau tūturu ki te hau pai, me te whakamahi i te ture o Avogadro. Mai te taimaha o te 1 mol o N2 numera rite ki te 28 karamu, me te 1 kamiriona o tetahi rōrahi o te hau pai ni'ai 22.4 rita, he rite ki te 28 / 22.4 = 1.25 karamu / rita = 1.25 g / dm3 te kiato hauota. Ko te hāngai ana tēnei tikanga ki te kitea hohoro te kiato mo ia hau, e kore e anake N2. Kei te maha whakamahia te reira i roto i te taiwhanga tātari.