Ko te hītori o te poirewa. Ko te hītori o te putanga me te whanaketanga o te poirewa

Tae noa ki te tīmatanga o 1930 i mahue te poirewa ao ao wahi o watea, me te hākinakina. History o te ahua o te kēmu, "poirewa" i runga i fenua rerekē rerekē no te mea tīariari rerekē ture i roto i ngā wāhanga ngā o te ao. Heoi, i te takaro toa motu i roto i nga whenua maha (hei tauira, i roto i Eastern Europe, te wahi i tiketike te taumata nui). Ko te kupu, poirewa hoko hākinakina piki whakataetae, āhuatanga e ngā mahi ā-tinana, me te hangarau tiketike. Pehea te reira katoa i timata?

Matua o poirewa, William G. Morgan

whanau te tupuna o te kēmu rongonui o tenei ra i roto i te tau 1870 i roto i te pa o Lockport New York, i reira pau ia tau tona tamarikitanga, te haereraa i te kura tūmatanui, me te mahi i runga i poti o tona papa i runga i te taha o te Erie Canal tawhito. I roto i te 1891, i kawea mai whakarau te taitamariki Morgan James A. Naismith, nei i faataahia ki te riro i te tupuna o te poitūkohu. I puta ia i te kura faaineineraa i roto i Northfield, tonu Morgan tona mātauranga i te International Young o nga tangata Karaitiana Association (YMCA), te Springfield (inaianei Springfield College). I roto i Springfield taranata taitamariki, Papatūānuku pūkenga sipoti, whai wāhi i roto i te wahi o te kapa whutupaoro kāreti rongonui i raro i te aronga o te A. Alonzo Stagg, tetahi o te "Masters Grand o whutupaoro." I roto i te 1894, i muri i tu'ite no te haapiiraa teitei, whakaae Morgan ki te tono o te Kaiwhakahaere o te rōpū, me te tangohia te kaiako tūranga rite i roto i Holyoke Massachusetts. Ko reira whakatakotoria te kōrero o te poirewa i i tenei wa. Poto e taea tatou te mea e ko te reira te whakawhetai ki a Hemi A. Naismith, ka Morgan he wāhi ki te whakakā ratou whetu i runga i te mara hākinakina.

He kēmu mō te iwi o te tau waenga?

I roto i te 1895, i mua i te kaiwhakahaere William. G. Morgan matawaenga: pūkenga hākinakina me te whakangungu i roto i te nui e tika ana kia riro iwi o tetahi tau, engari hou-kitea hei kēmu o te poitūkohu kua rongonui anake i roto i ngā tamariki. ko reira pakeke rawa mo nga kaipakihi rohe o tau waenga, rite ka mau ake te rota o te pūngao, me te kore e whakaaetia ki te akaanga. I mua ko Morgan he raruraru - e hiahia ana koe ki te haere mai ki taua mahi, i roto i nei e taea e koe te tākaro ki pai, me te i muri i te mahi, me te i roto i te mea kiano i matao tina ake. Ka rite ki te tauākī tautuhia o te raruraru iho Morgan: "kia waiho te kēmu he torohaki hākinakina kaha, engari kahore te whakapā pukuriri tinana."

Na ka whakaritea e ia ki te hanga i te symbiosis o te maha kēmu whiwhi pai me te mahi i te tahi mea hou; Ko tenei te ara o te whanaketanga haere hītori o te kēmu. Volleyball poitūkohu ngā huānga (pōro), tēnehi (mata), tiriraa (te whakamahi i kai ā-te pōro i te tawhiti), peisipolo (ariā pāeke). pūkenga katoa pai whakaurua i roto i te "mintonet" kēmu me te mea i huaina ai e te kaihanga. A ahakoa i pahara te whaki kēmu tuatahi, ano whakamatauria reira ki te kia rawa angitu, ki te riro i te minenga i te YMCA amuiraa hākinakina o Directors, puritia i roto i Springfield.

Ko te hītori o te takanga o te poirewa kua reira e i tenei amuiraa, Dr. Alfred Halstead, Ahorangi Sprinfildskogo College, whakaekea rite te kēmu taitara te kupu "poirewa".

Whakatikatika me te whakahounga o te ture

He maha o ngā rerekētanga i roto i te hītori mua o te poirewa kēmu ki te haere mai ki raro ki a tatou i roto i te tikanga taua, rite matau tatou i te reira i teie mahana. Ka rite ki kua whakahuatia, te tuatahi o te katoa, ketia te ingoa taketake o te kēmu. Riterite, e te mea fifi ia feruri Karch király (American kaitākaro poirewa, 3-wā toa Olympic i roto i puāwaitanga me te poirewa one), te tākaro i runga i te tātahi i roto i mintonet! I puta ke ano hoki te maha o ngā kaitākaro: i tukua te tīmatanga te kapa ki te whai rite maha kaitākaro rite taea e pai i runga i te hawhe o te rohe mita 10x5, ara e iwa iwi. Heoi, i muri i te maha o innovations ki raro, ki te 6 iwi ia kapa.

kēmu wawe i roto i te omaoma Morgan takaro i pōro ki kāmera rubberized. Otiia i roto i te 1896, he kamupene hākinakina "Spalding" tukua te pā tuatahi poirewa, me i 1900, i tata ōrite ki te hunga āhuatanga e kua whakamahia i tenei ra i te puka, me te taimaha whāinga paerewa.

ko tino teitei ake i roto i ngā kēmu tata ki te hanga wero atu te tukutuku te kēmu o te poirewa. Ture o te kēmu , me te hītori o te whanaketanga mai i reira tino whakarerekē. I teie mahana, te teitei mātiti ko 2.43 m, me te iti ake atu i te 2.24 m mō wahine. I roto i runga i te ture taketake score rōpū poirewa i 21 ngā ki riro, a i roto i 1917, i heke tenei tau ki te 15. ano, i roto i te tau 1922, e pa ana te maha o te pōro tukua iti ki te toru.

Volleyball waho te US

Ahakoa te meka e tipu te hītori o te putanga o te poirewa rawa āta mo nga tau torutoru tuatahi, ia hohoro horahia tua atu whakawhetai Amerika ki māngai o feohi hākinakina, e maha i tae kura misionare i roto i Ahia. tangohia Game i roto i te wa poto kua whakapehapeha o wahi i roto i nga Games Eastern, a i roto i 1913 noho iho, me te poirewa i Russia. I roto i te whakataetae o te ao, i tīmata i roto i te tau 1950, ko Russia te kapa tino ka whakakitea hua pai. I roto i Europe, whānui hiahia i roto i te poirewa i roto i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao.

I te tau 1913, kua tipu te hītori o te poirewa i Ahia pai, ko te tau ngā te kēmu i roto i te hōtaka o te tuatahi Far Eastern Games, whakaritea i roto i Manila tenei. Me kï reira e i roto i te tākaro i te ture tawhitotia mo te wa roa i roto i Ahia, i auraa te kapa o 16 kaitākaro (mo ake iwi, me te whakatairanga o te kēmu).

Kua riro te rongonui nui o te hākinakina i muri i te reira hanga mana e pā ana, me te kanohi. I te tau 1928 i reira ko te Association o te poirewa United States i te 1947. i whakaingoatia ai te International Volleyball Federation (FIVB). I roto i te 1949, aito o te tangata tuatahi i roto i Prague, Czechoslovakia.

Taupū rongonui

Kei te tonu tipu tupu Tohu i te maha o ngā kaitākaro i roto i te poirewa, rite te tuhinga parau te aamu i roto i te 1916, i tuhituhia e Robert K. Kabbunom ki te whai wāhitanga o "Spalding". E ai tata Kabbuna, kua tae te maha o ngā kaitākaro i te katoa o 200 000 iwi, o nei e wehea ngā rōpū tamarikitanga e whai ake: i roto i te YMCA (tamariki, nga tangata taitamariki me te iwi pakeke) - 70 000 iwi i roto i te YWCA (kotiro me nga wahine) - 50 000 iwi .. i roto i ngā kura (tamaroa e te tamahine) - 25 000 iwi. a i roto i kareti (tamariki) 10 000 iwi.

I 1916, i taea e ki te karanga i te tupu kaha YMCA i te rongonui o te kēmu i roto i ngā ākonga o te National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) te whakahaere, whakaputaina he huinga o ngā ture me te raupapa o ngā tuhinga e pā ana ki poirewa.

Mai i te omaoma i runga i te onepu

I te tau 1940 whakawhanakehia e ia te kāhua rerekē o te poirewa. Teams o rua ranei wha kaitākaro whakataetae i runga i ngā whakataetae Spicer i runga i nga one one o California, a ka anga hohoro nga kapa pai ki te haere ki runga, ranei ki raro i te rohe ki te whakatau i roto i tutū ki ētahi atu kapa. I tū te whakataetae poirewa one tuatahi i roto i California i roto i te 1948

ka haere mai te angitu matua i roto i te one poirewa i muri i te haapurororaa pouaka whakaata o te aito tū i te Olympic Games i roto i Atlanta i te tau 1996. Ko te kōrero o te kēmu i tohua e te angitu auheke FIVB Kōpure World Tour, a kua whakatuwheratia poirewa one i te huarahi hou waitohu ki te taumata o te ao.

beach poirewa

whakaturia poirewa one rōpū i roto i 1965 ki te whakaaro o te pārōnaki me te Waeine o ngā ture me ngā tauwhāinga mōhiohio. Na roto i te 1976, whakataetae nga kaitākaro pai mo te moni utu rite kaitäkaro mohio i roto i te 1983 i hanga te Association o ngaio poirewa (AVP) kaitākaro toa. Hoki te poka wai taonga o kaitäkaro mohio rite nga kaitākaro pai whakataetae i roto i te poirewa. i hanga nga wahine a ratou ake rōpū i roto i te 1986.

A, no te timata whetu poirewa Olympic ki te mau whakataetae i runga i te one, ka ara atu rongonui te hākinakina. Kua horahia Beach poirewa i California ki Florida me ka i roto i ētahi atu whenua, ara te hunga e kore e e whai one. I roto i te tahi mau wāhi, Whakatangi noa matou roto i runga i huarahi one. Na roto i te 1993, hei poirewa one kua pera rongonui i roto i te United States e haapurorohia i te whakataetae i runga i te pouaka whakaata motu.

I te tau 1987, i te ōrite te ao tuatahi i waenganui i ngā kapa o te tangata e rua (poirewa). Kua kairau a Women te whakataetae tuatahi o te mahere taua i roto i 1993

tohu Gold

Tino hohoro ka reira kitea e hinga e kore anake i roto i te aroha ki te poirewa tangata waenganui-koroheke hapu rite tuatahi, engari ano hoki kotiro taitamariki. Ko te US taitara poirewa motu tuatahi mō ngā wahine takaro i roto i 1949, 54 nga tau i muri i te whanautanga o te kēmu i. Ko te whakataetae o te ao tuatahi i roto i Moscow hoki nga wahine tū i roto i te 1952

I teie mahana, o te tangata, me ngā whakataetae o te wahine i roto i te puāwaitanga me te poirewa one he wahi o te Häkinakina. Tuatahi ka te hākinakina Olympic i roto i 1964 i Japan. Ko te whenua ope - tutaki Japan me te Soviet Union i te whiringa toa o rua nga kau taki me te kaitäkaro Soviet ka mau koura i roto i te kāwai o nga wahine. I roto i te kāwai o nga tangata i roto i te poirewa hoki i te painga o te Soviet Union, i muri i toa i te Games Olympic tuatahi, kua riro to matou kaitäkaro mētara i ia o nga kēmu e rima i muri. whakahaere rōpū poirewa o US tangata ki te riro i te wikitoria i roto i te tau 1984 me te 1988 GG

ka haere mai te hītori o te putanga me te whanaketanga o te poirewa i roto i te onepu nui i muri o te kēmu matarohia. ka Beach poirewa te hākinakina Olympic i Atlanta anake i roto i te 1996 (i roto i te whakataetae i waenganui i te United States, Brazil me Ahitereiria).

I roto i te tekau tau whakamutunga, kua riro te kēmu he a tawhio hou o te whanaketanga i roto i te ao hākinakina: te mau ohipa o te ao tino angitu pērā whakataetae rite te Championship FIVB World, World League, Championship World Grand Prix, i te Häkinakina.

poirewa Russia

Ahakoa te meka i mea whakaaro poirewa i roto i Amerika, i Russia, te kēmu hohoro mau i runga i a hinga i roto i te aroha. Na nui kia e i roto i Germany i huaina ai te iwi Russian. Na kahore he mea whakamiharo, mai te mea te reira hoatu nga toa Russian nga āhuatanga ahurei kēmu: raka, tākaro, tere. Hoki i roto i 1920, me te whai wāhitanga o kaiwhakangungu American i roto i te maha o nga pa Russian i whakaritea kapa poirewa, a i roto i 1922, ka hiahia i roto i te hākinakina i roto i Moscow, tae atu te reira i roto i te marautanga. Kua timata nga wahi katoa Young kaitäkaro ki te whakataetae i roto i tenei hākinakina. I roto i nga lepupilika katoa o te Soviet Union kua mahia ki te kēmu āhukahuka, rawa i muri i tona whakaurua i roto i te Games. toa Soviet ka mau 4 ngā wā koura i te Ipu o te Ao, 6 nga wa ka toa o toa ao, me te 12 nga wa toa o Europe.

I muri i te tiango o te Soviet Union kore e mutu te hītori o te poirewa i Russia. I roto i te 1991, i hanga te katoa-Russian Volleyball Federation, e kua tiaki te matauranga o nga tohutohu ana Soviet. I roto i te 1993, e kapa o te tangata wahi i roto i te Ao League, e noho te wahi tuarua. I roto i te taua tau i roto i Turku riro kaitäkaro i te mētara parahi i te whakataetae fakavaha'akonitinēnití. aru ana tēnei e te raupapa o nga kino ki tae noa ki 1999, ka puta te kaiako kapa G. Ya. Shipulin, e kapa whiwhi te mētara hiriwa i te whakataetae Pākehā, me te toa i te Ipu o te Ao. Ara ki Lavrov i tino uaua, no te mea i haukotia te kapa Russian te rōpū kaha o te Netherlands, Italy, Czech Republic, Greece, Yugoslavia. puawai ano Volleyball Russia anake i roto i te tau 2002, ka ua roaa te kapa te wikitoria i roto i te Ao League.

Ko te hui i muri mai - i te Ipu o te Ao me te Olympics i roto i Beijing - i tohua e hua pai i roto i te kēmu, me te hinga whakatakotoria i roto i te whakataetae whakamutunga, me te parahi pūmau ano haere tahi te kaitäkaro. tohua 2012-2013 tau e i whakaora oranga hou mo Russia - i te Olympic Games 2012 me nga Toa Pākehā.

Ko te hītori o poirewa i te whika. Ko te takahanga tino nui me ngā rā

1895 William G. Morgan (1870-1942) hangaia e te poirewa tākaro.

Kei te whakawhanakehia 1896 ka hoatu ki roto ki te hanga i te pōro mo te poirewa.

1922: puritia te toa motu tuatahi i roto i Brooklyn, New York, i roto i nei uru 27 ngā kapa i 11 whenua.

1928, Ko reira mārama e ko te whakataetae me ngā ture e tika ana. I hanga te American Association o poirewa.

1930: ko te whanautanga o poirewa one i runga i nga one o Santa Monica, California.

1934: whakaaetanga me te āhukahuka o kaiwhakawa motu i roto i te poirewa.

1947 whakaturia te International Volleyball Federation (FIVB); tuhia mana hītori me ngā ture poirewa.

1948: Ko te whakataetae takutai tuatahi.

1949: whakataetae International i Prague.

ngā 1964 Volleyball te i roto i te rārangi o nga Games Olympic i Tokyo.

rōpū beach poirewa i hanga (CBVA): 1965.

1983: Ko te hanganga o te Association o ngaio i roto i te poirewa (AVP).

hanga poirewa one tona tuatahi hei takaro Olympic: 1996.

1997: meinga te Deyn Blenton te kaitākaro African-American tuatahi ngaio i roto i te one poikiri, te tiki i te wikitoria i roto i te whakataetae Miller Lite / AVP.

2007: Karch király rähuitia mahi oranga, mahue i muri i te tohu e ngaropoina ana. Király - he poirewa hītori. Poto e taea tatou te mea e pā ana ki ona whakatutukitanga i riro ia te whakataetae mo te 24 tau, ka haere tona kapa i roto i te āhua-whiringa i roto i runga i 75% o nga toa katoa, i roto i i whai wāhi ia.