Ko te kaipeita nui Russian

Mai te wā o te bapetizoraa o Russia, i haere mai i te mutunga o te rau tau X, i roto i nga hohonu o te Ekalesia Siu whakawhanakehia he toi i rawe ki a ahurei, ka karanga - iconography Russian. Ko ia nei hoki tata whitu tenetere noho te matua o te ahurea Russian, a i roto i te rangatiratanga o Pita anake i peia e ahau peka peita fakamāmaní.

Ata wā Mongolian

Kei te mohiotia te reira e me ki Siu Rus tono i Byzantium me te paetae o tona ahurea, riro i te rangatiratanga Kiev tona whanaketanga atu. Ki te i whakamana te waitohu o te tuatahi whakaturia i roto i te temepara Kiev Desyatinny e Prince Vladimir karangatia rangatira tāwāhi, rawa hohoro puta kaipeita Russian i Pereyaslavl, Chernigov, Smolensk, a i roto i te pane, ko te Mother o nga pa Russian. Ki te wehewehe i to ratou mahi i te ata peita e ngā kaiako Byzantine, he uaua reira, no te mea e kore e mau i te reira i roto i te tuakiri ki tonu o te kura motu i roto i te wā-Mongol mua atu.

Hei kua ora torutoru rawa mahi e mahi i roto i tenei wā, engari ara i roto ia ratou i reira he masterpieces tūturu. Ko te a Tūrongo, te nuinga o enei he e rua-ara te icon Novgorod "te Kanohi Tapu", tuhituhia e te ariki, unknown i te mutunga o te rau tau XII, i runga i te hoki o nei te scene o "te faatiaia o te Cross." Hoki neke atu i te waru rau tau, patu te reira i te kaimātaki i roto i te pikitia, me te tāuriuri maeneene. I reira, ko te ata i roto i te kohinga o te State Tretyakov Taiwhanga. Photos o tenei ata ka tuwhera te tuhinga.

Ētahi atu, mahi kore iti rongonui o te wā i mua i-Mongol, faaite i te State Russian Museum i St Petersburg - te hoki reira te icon Novgorod, e mohiotia ana ko te "anahera o Golden Makawe." Kanohi o te anahera, ki tonu i te lyricism aronganui me te hohonu mohio, hanga te pūtirotiro he ongo o marino me te mārama. Ko te kaha ki te kawe i taua mau mana'o kaipeita Russian i roto i tona taatoaraa riro i ratou kaiako Byzantine.

wā peita Ata o te ioka Mongol-Tatar

Whakaekenga o Russia Batu Khan, kōkiri i te wā o te ioka Tatar-Mongol, radically pāngia te ara o te ora o te kāwanatanga katoa. E kore i te reira i mawhiti tona mana, me te iconography Russian. riro te nuinga, i hanga pokapū toi mua i a i pakaru te Horde, me te hunga e kua haere te whakarau whānui, ite wa pakeke, kihai nei i taea e engari pā te taumata toi whānui o mahi whakaputaina i roto i a ratou.

Otiia, ara i roto i tenei wā uaua o kaipeita Russian i taea ki te hanga i tona kura ake o te peita, te tango i tetahi wahi tika i roto i te aamu o te ahurea ao. aranga ki Special tohua reira te hawhe tuarua o te XIV me rautau XV whakaritea katoa. I roto i tenei wā i roto i Russia mahi ahau i te tupuni katoa o toi tino, ko te māngai tino rongonui o e Andrei Rublev, i whanau nei i roto i Moscow rangatiratanga tawhio 1360.

Kaituhi o te tahuti ore "Toru tahi"

Ka mau taurangi Monastic ki te ingoa ko Anaru (tona ingoa fakamāmaní unknown) i roto i 1405, whai wāhi he ariki i roto i te hoho'a peni o te Faaiteraa Cathedral o te Moscow Kremlin, a ka whakaaro i roto i Vladimir. mahi enei mahi nui-tauine o Andrei Rublev me rua atu toi rongonui - Theophanes te Kariki ko Raniera Black, kupu e pā ana ki nei e kia kōrero i raro nei.

whakaaro auahatanga te te rangatira runga i roto i te peita icon Russian, i i taea ki te tae tetahi tetahi o nga rangatira. Ko te mahi mahino me tino rongonui ko "Tokotoru" - he pupuri i te icon o Rublev, i roto i te Tretyakov Taiwhanga i roto i Moscow.

Mā te whakamahi i te aamu no te Faufaa Tahito, e hāngai ana nei i runga i te wāhanga whakaahuatia i roto i te pene 18 o Genesis (Hospitality o Aperahama), hangaia e te ruānuku he hanganga, me ona iho katoa, tawhiti nui atu te tahi atu analogues katoa. Mahue atu faufaa, i roto i tona tirohanga, wahi kōrero, arotahi ia aro o te kaimātaki i runga i nga whika melahi e toru, tohu he Atua Triipostasnogo - faahitihia i ko te Tokotoru Tapu.

Image, te aroha hanahana tohu

whakaatu icon o Rublev te kotahitanga o te apataki hanahana e toru. tutuki ana tēnei i roto i e hoatu i te rongoā turanga hiato porohita e hanga i te anahera ahua. Taua kotahitanga, i nei te tangata tangohia wehe ko te integrally i hanga, e ua aifaito te te tiketike aroha ki nei te karanga a Iisus Hristos. Ko te kupu, ko te "Trinity" - te icon o Rublev, ka he ahua o faaiteraa o te takotoranga wairua o Karaitiana katoa.

mate Andrei Rublev i runga i Oketopa 17, 1428, te patunga o te whiu e whawhati atu i roto i Moscow. I tanumia ia i runga i te rohe o te Andronikov Monastery, te wahi haukotia te mate tona mahi i runga i te peita o te Kaiwhakaora Cathedral. I roto i te 1988, toputapu te whakatau o te Kaunihera Local o te moke Russian Siu Ekalesia Andrew (Rublev) i roto i te hunga tapu.

Ko te kaitohutohu o te rangatira nui

I roto i te aamu o te iconography tata Russian ki Andrei Rublev ko tona nāianei Daniel Chorny. Ata, kaua ranei, nga frescoes i hanga e ratou i roto i te peita o te whakaaro Cathedral i Vladimir, na rite i roto i o ratou āhuatanga toi e maha kitea ngaio reira uaua ki te whakatū i te tukunga motuhake.

Kairangahau i reira he take ki te whakapono e te raveraa i tahi ki whakahau Rublev, i mahi a Raniera rite te ariki matua, me te mātanga, pea he kaitohutohu noa. I tenei kaupapa, ahu fakaangá ki huanga ki a ia te hunga mahi i roto i nei te mana tino mārama kitea o te kura o mua o te peita icon o te rau tau XIV. Ko te tauira tino a Tūrongo, ko te fresco "uma o Aperahama", tiaki ki roto i te whakaaro Cathedral o Vladimir tenei ra. Whakaahua o tetahi o nga whatiwhatinga o pikitia o te whare karakia mua tenei wāhanga o te tuhinga.

Ka mate a Daniil Chorny, rite Andrei Rublev, rite ki te hua o te whiu i roto i te 1528, ka tanumia muri ki a ia i roto i Andronik Monastery. Kua mahue rua toi i muri te rota o te ākonga mō nei i hanga e ratou peita me huahua, mahi rite tauira mō mahi heke mai.

kaipeita Russian o te take mai Byzantine

No tauira iti a Tūrongo o te iconography o tenei wā e taea te mahi kia rite ki te mahi o Feofana Greka. Fanauhia i roto i te 1340 i roto i Byzantium (i hea tona īngoa), ako ia te mea ngaro o te toi, ako i nga rangatira mohio o Constantinople me Chalcedon.

Haere mai ki a Russia kē i hanga he kaipeita, a ka noho ia i roto i Novgorod, timata Theophane he wāhanga hou o tona mahi ki te peita, kua tae mai e heke iho ki to tatou wa te Ekalesia o te Faahuru. Tiaki i roto i reira, me te pikitia ruānuku e tohu ana Karaiti Pantocrator, nga tupuna, nga poropiti, me te he maha o scenes te Bibilia.

āhuatanga tona kāhua toi e au maite tiketike, me te te tito oti, kua mohio e to'ume'á, a puta kau muimui o te ariki. Kei te mārama itehia teie i ngā pikitia o te hahi o te whakaaro me Fedor Stratelita hanga i roto i te wā kotahi, te tahi atu toi, engari mau nga tohu mārama o te mana o rangatira peita Byzantine.

Heoi, i roto i tona auahatanga taatoaraa Feofana Greka whakakitea i Moscow, i reira ka whakatutehu ia i roto i 1390 tau, ka ora, ka mahi hoki i etahi wa i roto i Nizhny Novgorod. I roto i te ariki whakapaipai i whai wāhi kore anake nga whare i pania me kāinga o tangata taonga, engari ano hoki te hanga o ngā ata me whakairoiro pukapuka.

Kei te whakapono te reira e raro i tona kaiārahi, pania te Kremlin kawea e rave rahi hahi i waho, tae atu i te Ekalesia o te Aloí o te wahine, Arhangela Mihaila me te Faaiteraa. pēnei Ko tōna Kaituhitanga te ki te hanga o te maha o ngā ata rongonui - ". Ko te whakaaro o te Mother o te Atua" "Te Faahuru o te Ariki" (whakaahua i roto i tēnei wāhanga o te tuhinga), "Don icon o te Mother o te Atua" me I roto i Life te Kaiwhakaako i roto i 1410.

rangatira kaiwhiwhi tika o te mua

Whakakapi o te iho toi whakapumautia e Andrei Rublev me ana to'ume'á, ka Rionaihia - kaipeita, e mahi ana icon te mo te hahi karakia o te whakaaro o te whakapaingia wahine Meri Hohepa Volokolamsk Monastery, me te te frescoes me iconostasis Ferapontov Monastery, ake ake i roto i te taonga o te ahurea Russian.

Kei te mohiotia te reira e Rionaihia, i roto i te rerekē ki te nuinga o kaipeita kāinga, kihai i he moke. Te nuinga whakahau kawea atu e ia ki ana tama, Vladimir me Theodosius. Kua ora te reira i te rota o nga mahi e mahi e te artist ia rānei ranei arahina e ia mahi tahi. Ko te rongonui tino o ratou he ata - "Te bapetizoraa o te Mesia", "te wahine Hodegetria" (whakaahua muri), "Descent ki te reinga", me te he maha o te tahi atu mahi.

e kore te pai te whakapumautia tau o tona ora, kua mohiotia ai anake e whanau i te ariki i a tawhio noa 1444, ka huaina ko te rā o te mate āhua 1502-1508 tau. Ko tona koha i Russia kore anake, engari ano hoki i roto i te ahurea o te ao, ko te nui i whakapuakina i te whakatau o UNESCO 2002 i te tau o Rionaihia.

kaipeita Russian o te rau tau 17. Haimona Ushakov

Tetahi wehenga o hītori ki wā wāhi ara toi heke ranei o, he tino here, no te mea ara i roto i nga wā o te wā e kore e i tohua te putanga o mahi nui, o te akoranga, i hanga te preconditions mo te hanganga o ratou heke mai.

Reira mārama e taea te kite i roto i te āhua o te āhuatanga o te ora pāpori, me te wairua o Russia o te rau tau XVI hoatu whanaketanga ki te huri, whakaputa puka toi hou o toi pai rau i muri.

O te akoranga, ko te tuakiri auaha tino Tūrongo me te taketake o te rau tau XVII te kaipeita whakapaipai Haimona Ushakov (1626 - 1686). Maoro ia te mea ngaro o te pūkenga, he kua ia i roto i te tau o rua tekau-rua i utua hei kaitoi o te hiriwa Chamber Ihowa o te tikanga, i noho ai te tona mahi ki te hanga huahua mo te hanga o oko hahi me ahuareka.

I tua atu, peita te ariki taitamariki kara, unuhia ana mahere, whakaaro whakapaipai mo ngira me te mahi i maha atu mahi pera. I ia ki te tuhituhi hoki i te whakapakoko hoki ngā mau hiero me kāinga tūmataiti. Neke atu i te wa, ko reira tenei wāhi o te auahatanga kawea ia rongo me te honore.

I muri i te whakawhitinga o te tokotoko o te koki (1656), kua u Haimona Ushakov iho rite te toi tino mohio o tona wa. i kahore atu kaipeita Moscow taua rongo, a kihai i rite te titiro atu e manakohia kingi. Tenei tukua ki a ia ora i te ora o te honore, me te te pai.

Ahakoa te meka e hiahiatia kaipeita Russian i ki te tuhituhi i to ratou mahi anake i runga i ngā tauira tawhito, Ushakov whakamahia humarie i roto i nga tito o te āhuatanga takitahi o peita Western, e taua wa puta tauira katoa i roto i tau nui i roto i Russia. Noho i runga i te pūtake o ngā tikanga Russian-Byzantine Māori, engari i te wa ano auaha reworked ki te whakatutuki rangatira Pākehā, kua hanga te kaitoi he, kāhua fryazhskie pera-ka karanga hou i atu whakawhanakehia i roto i te mahi o kaipeita o te wā i muri mai. Kei tēnei tuhinga, he whakaahua o tona icon rongonui "te Tamaaraa Hopea", tuhituhia e te ariki i roto i 1685 mo te Dormition Cathedral o te Tokotoru-Herekiu pakiki.

He rangatira tino o te peita fresco

Ko te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau XVII tohua e te mahi o tetahi atu rangatira nui - Gury Nikitin. Fanauhia i roto i te Kostroma, Īhaka i te tīmatanga o 1620 o, ko ia i te kuao tau ako ia peita. Heoi, riro wheako nui ariki tauhou i roto i Moscow, i reira i roto i 1653, tahi ki te kapa o tona teina wāhi i roto i te peita i te maha o te mau hiero o te whakapaipai.

Gury Nikitin, nei mahi he rerekē katoa tau te tino nui katoa, i matua mohiotia rite te ariki o peita fresco. Kua ora matou maha peita i hanga i roto i te monasteries me hahi takitahi i roto i Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Pereslavl ko Suzdal.

He āhuatanga āhuatanga o frescoes i hanga i roto i te ruānuku i runga i ngā kaupapa Bibilia, ko to ratou rongo tae whakanui me te momonatanga o te tohu, he maha hoki nei i te ora o te kaitoi whakahē te secularization o toi, e ko te ki màtua tona pirau raruraru ao. I tua atu, i te hua o tona rapu auaha riro te tikanga motuhake toi, ka taea te ariki ki te waihanga i roto i tona tito i te pānga mokowā faahiahia. I roto i te hītori toi, ka haere ia i raro i te ingoa "tātai Gury Nikitin". ka mate kaipeita rongonui i roto i te 1691.

Creativity Feodora Zubova

I te pae hopea, e korero e pā ana ki te iconography o te rau tau XVII, e kore ki te whakahua i te ingoa o tetahi atu rangatira nui - ko Theodore Zubov (1646-1689). Fanauhia i roto i te Smolensk, ko ia i roto i te tīmatanga o 1650 o, tonu te taure'are'araa whakangaueuetia ia ki Ustyug nui, te wahi pania tetahi o nga hahi te icon "te Kanohi Tapu", whakapumautia tonu tona ingoa rite te toi paari.

Neke atu i te wa, kei te pera whānui horahia e rongo ana puta noa i Russia, e i karangatia te toi ki Moscow, a piri te tokotoko o kaipeita Armory, te wahi mahi ia neke atu i te wha tekau nga tau i muri mai hoki. I muri i te matenga o Haimona Ushakov, mo te maha nga tau upoko o te kohia i reira rangatira, ka mau Feodor Zubov tona wahi. I roto i te tahi atu mahi o te ariki kua riro ia, he motuhake rongo icon "apostolate", e whakaoti te pepa whakaahua. He whai tika ki te whanaketanga o te toi Russian i Zubov me tama - Ivan ko Alex, kua riro i roto i te tau o Pita i roto i nga kaituhi rohe pai.