Ko te ture tuarua o thermodynamics

Ahakoa i roto i te tīmatanga o nga wa kua reira kua kite tauira tohanga wera: kia noa neke te wera i te tinana wera i te pāmahana teitei ki te wera iti. Ko te rua o te ture o thermodynamics, i kitea e te tamataraa e whakamārama tenei tukanga. E faaitehia i reira i roto i 1824 hoki te wa tuatahi Carnot, he mataaro Wīwī, e tāutuhia pehea me i raro i te mea tikanga haere te ahi ki te mahi whai hua i roto i te mihini o te wā. I roto i te waenganui o te rau tau XIX i runga i te pūtake o te pūtaiao Tiamana Rudolf Clausius whakatakoto te tikanga, e te mohiotia inaianei rite te ture tuarua o thermodynamics. Ko tōna ngako Ko e kore te wera haere ki te tinana ake wera i te wera iti noa, arā, me utua i te whakawhitinga o te wera ki te tinana ki te pāmahana teitei e te supply mana waho. Ka rite ki te tauira, ngā pūnaha pouaka. I muri, William Thomson me etahi atu pūtaiao ki te whakamārama i te kupu o te ture.

kia tenei parau tumu e mohio ki noa ake whānui atu i roto i te maimoatanga o Rudolf Clausius. Tangohia, hei tauira, te mahi faafariuraa ki wera. Ka taea te hua te reira e te kaha waku. A, no te iritihia tenei mahi ki wera rawa, i waho te kaha anō katoa me te utu. Anō i roto i iho taea. Ko te faafariuraa o te wera hua ki te mahi - ko reira he tukanga tāwhaiwhai, arā, tono motuhake, tikanga āwenewene whakaritea.

I roto i te whānui, i te ture tuarua o thermodynamics, whakatakoto nga parau tumu me ahunga o te rere o ngā tukanga māori. Puta i reira, e taea te faataa e te mahi o te maha o ngā pūrere. Ko te kupu, engines wera mahi i te rerekētanga pāmahana i nei whakawhitia wera te i te wera ki te wahi matao - i teplootdatchika ki te totohu wera. I roto i tenei take, tōtika o te pūrere e kore e taea e kotahi rau ōrau. E ko, e kore katoa o te wera e tahuri ki te mahi, engari tetahi wahi anake o reira. wāhanga kia tenei whakamārama i te meka e ki te waihanga i tētahi mīhini nekehanga mau tonu (tuarua-raupapa) kei roto i te parau tumu e taea. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, e kore e whakaaroa ana he pūrere e e ū tino me kahore tetahi utu tahuri te wera ki te mahi. I runga anō i te runga ake, i tāutuhia pūtaiao R. Clausius ko W. Thompson te waihanga o te tuarua ture o thermodynamics. Tuatahi, māhorahora wera kore e taea te neke i iti te wera ki tinana mahana; tuarua, e kore katoa te wera whakahaua i teplootdatchika ki te totohu wera, haere ki te mahi whai hua, engari tona he wahi, kaua anake. He hoki maha ngā formulations rite, i te tikanga ko te whakaata o te runga ake. Haere i teploperedatchika ki te totohu wera, e kore e te pūngao ngaro, na e kore te mea e poka ki te ture tuarua o thermodynamics te ture o te tiaki o te pūngao katoa. I whakawhanakehia tautuhi i te reira e rave rahi pūtaiao me ngā o te maha ngā matua, e kōrerohia i roto i tēnei tuhinga.

Tukanga e pā ana ki te faafariuraa pūngao, taea māhorahora rere anake i roto i te take, ki te haere te pūngao o te puka takiwa i roto i te dispersed. Ko tētahi o nga aravihi tino nui tūturu ki e rua tangata, me te ao koiora, rauropi - te kaha ki te raro te piraunga. te tikanga te wā whakamutunga i te ōwehenga o te nui o te wera ki te uara pāmahana, he ahua o te mehua o te hepohepo, me te pā ana ki mate o te kaha o te pūnaha ki te mahi i te mahi motuhake; ka huri te rōrahi o te pūnaha ranei heke tona piraunga pūngao.

I te tau 1865, i te pae hopea whakatakoto R. Clausius te ture tuarua o thermodynamics. Piraunga, i tona whakamāramatanga, kua nui haere ka puta he nonequilibrium pūnaha kati tukanga noa.

Ko te ture tuarua o thermodynamics te wāhi e pera-ka karanga parau tumu o koeko kaiao; i roto i te tua, e ia - te puna o te ture Lindemann, e whakamārama te mau parau tumu o te tohanga o te pūngao i roto i te rauwiringa kaiao. tohu ia ki tetahi-pointedness (whakawhiti haere) tupu i roto i te āhua o ngā tukanga māhorahora. I roto i te taua mea runga, kua tahuri te pūngao ki te wera me te kua whakawhitia te wera ki te mātao i te tinana wera, e tika ana ki te aifaitoraa o te pāmahana i te taumata iti, te hopearaa o te mea ki te mutu katoa o ngā momo o nekehanga, te rite ranei. N. "Heat mate". Ki te ki te korero te reo mārama, me te ngāwari, te ngako o te ture tuarua o thermodynamics ko: noa, ngā tukanga māori katoa mutu te hepohepo, me te kinonga. Ka taea te faahoho'ahia tenei e te tauira e whai ake: Ki te ki te whare mō ngā tau e maha waiho i waho te ope, ka tīmata i te reira āta ki te peka, tiango.