Lēsoni i hītori: te kau taki o te kaupapa White

I roto i te pakanga kaiākiri ki te mua i te whānuitanga o ngā ope. Ko reira nga Cossacks, Nationalists, Democrats, monarchists. Katoa o ratou, ahakoa ratou rerekētanga, ko te take White. Patua, nga kau taki o nga ope anti-Soviet rānei mate ranei i taea neke.

Alexander Kolchak

Ahakoa kore ātete ki te mua i riro tino ngātahi, ara Aleksandr Vasilevich Kolchak (1874-1920) whakaaro e kōrero maha nga ahua matua o te kaupapa White. Ko ia he hoia ngaio a kua mahi i roto i te Navy. I roto i te rangimarie, ka rongonui rite te kaihōpara neke, me te pūtaiao-oceanographer Kolchak.

Ka rite ki te tahi atu hoia ngaio, ko Aleksandr Vasilevich Kolchak te wheako taonga i roto i te pakanga Japanese me te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao. Ki te taeraa mai o te Kawanatanga Takitaro, oho poto ia ki te USA. A, no te haere mai te rongo i te kāinga o te revolution Bolshevik, hoki Kolchak ki Russia.

tae Admiral i roto i te Siberian Omsk, te wahi kua hanga te kāwanatanga SR tona minita whawhai. I roto i te 1918, i hanga te rangatira he tukipoto a i te ingoa Kolchak rangatira nui o Russia. Tahi atu feia faatere o te kaupapa White kihai i nohoia te taua kaha nui rite Alexander (i roto i tona kainga ko te ope 150,000th).

I runga i te rohe whakahaeretia e Kolchak whakahokia nga ture o te Russian Empire. Moving i Siberia ki te hauauru, i whakanuia te Kawana Hupirimi o te ope a Russia ki te Täingäwai. I te tihi o tona angitu kua whakatata te Kazan ma. tamata Kolchak ki te wahia i runga i nui taea ki te ope mua, Denikin ūkui i te ara ki Moscow.

I roto i te hawhe tuarua o 1919, whakarewa te Army Whero he whakaeke nui. taui White tata atu ki Siberia. hoa Foreign (Czechoslovak whare) hoatu e noho ana i runga i te tereina, te rawhiti Kolchak SRS. pere Admiral i roto i Irkutsk i tanguru 1920.

Anton Denikin

Ki te i roto i te rawhiti o Russia arahina te White Army i reira Kolchak i te tonga o te rangatira hōia matua mo te wa roa a Anton Ivanovich Denikin (1872-1947). Fanauhia i roto i Poland, ka haere ia ki te ako i roto i te pane, a meinga ana ia hei āpiha kaimahi.

Denikin a ka mahi i runga i te rohe ki a Austria. Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao pau ia i roto i te ope Brusilov, whai wāhi i roto i te horanga rongonui me ngā mahi i roto i Galicia. Te kāwanatanga wā hanga poto Anton Ivanovich rangatira o te Southwestern mua. Denikin tautoko maunu Kornilov. I muri i te kore o te tukipoto, i herea poto Rūtene-Tianara (nohoanga Bykhov).

Wetekina i Noema 1917, ka anga ia ki te tautoko i Denikin White mea. Fakataha ki te tianara Kornilov me Alexeyev hanga ia (me ka kotahi-i hoatu arahina) Volunteer Army, i meinga te tapahanga o te ātete ki te mua i roto i te tonga o Russia. Ko te reira i te bet Denikin nga mana Entente, whakaaturia whawhai i runga i te tikanga Soviet i muri i te rangimarie motuhake ki a Germany.

Ētahi wa tuki a Denikin ki te Don Ataman Petrom Krasnovym. I raro i te pēhanga i te hoa i whakarongo ki Anton Ivanovich. I roto i te Hānuere 1919, ka Denikin rangatira VSYUR - Armed Forces o Southern Russia. whakawāteatia tona ope te rohe mua Kuban, Don, Tsarina, Donbass, Kharkiv. tuahu iho ino o Denikin i pokapū Russia.

taui VSYUR i Novocherkassk. oho Denikin i reira ki te Crimea, te wahi i roto i April 1920 i raro i te pēhanga o te hoariri whakawhiti ana mana ki a Petru Vrangelyu. I aru tenei e te wehenga atu ki Europe. tuhituhi Hūnuku General he Rōpū, "tuhinga roa i runga i akina Russian", i roto i nei tamata ia ki te whakahoki i te pātai o te aha te kaupapa White patua. I roto i te pakanga kaiākiri, anake mua Anton Ivanovich vinyl. kihai ia ki te tautoko i Hitler, a whakahē collaborators. I muri i te hinganga o te Tuatoru Reich Denikin i whakakapi i te wahi o te noho, me te oho ki te US, te wahi mate ia i te tau 1947.

Lavr Kornilov

whanau te kaiwhakahaere o te tukipoto i taka Lavr Georgievich Kornilov (1870-1918) i ki te hapu Cossack o tetahi rangatira, i takoto ki tona mahi hōia. Ka rite ki te āpiha ite, mahi ia i roto i Pahia, Afghanistan, a Inia. I roto i te whawhai, i riro ia i te Austrians, rere te rangatira kāinga.

I te tīmatanga Lavr Georgievich Kornilov tautokona kāwanatanga wā. Ko te hoariri matua o Russia, whakaaro ia o te Mauī. Ka rite ki he kaikorero o te mana kaha, ka anga ia ki te faaineine i te amuamu anti-kāwanatanga. rahua tona haere i runga i mua. i mauheretia Kornilov me ana kaitautoko.

Ki te tīmatanga o te Oketopa Revolution, i tukua te whānui. meinga ana e ia te rangatira tuatahi o te Army Volunteer i te tonga o Russia. I roto i te Hui-tanguru 1918, ua faanahonaho Kornilov te Tuatahi Kuban (Ice) fononga ki Yekaterinodar. riro tenei mahi kua rongonui. tamata i te feia faatere o te katoa o te kaupapa White i roto i te heke mai ki te kia mau pionie. i fakamamahi patua Kornilov i roto i te matā Ekaterinodar.

Nikolai Yudenich

General Nikolai Nikolayevich Yudenich (1862-1933) ko tetahi o nga tianara Russian angitu te nuinga i roto i te whawhai ki a Germany me ona hoa. arahina e ia te tokotoko o te Army Caucasian i roto i ona whawhai ki te Ottoman Empire. Kia i roto i te mana, ka tonoa Kerensky he rangatira ki te rihaina.

Ki te tīmatanga o te Oketopa Revolution, Nikolay Nikolaevich Yudenich i noho hetia i mua. I roto i te tīmatanga o 1919, oho te whakamahi i ngā tuhinga titoa ki Finland. Hui i roto i Helsinki Komiti Russian karangatia ia tino.

whakapumautia Yudenich kōrero ki Aleksandrom Kolchakom. Ruruku ratou mahi ki te Admiral, tamata hua kore Nikolai ki haina te tautoko o te Entente me Mannerheim. I roto i te raumati o 1919, riro ia te kōpaki o Minita o War i te kāwanatanga Te Tai Tokerau-Western pera-ka karanga i hanga i roto i te kakai.

I roto i te ngahuru o Yudenich whakaritea te hīkoi i runga i mua. Fele, mahi te kaupapa White i roto i te Pakanga Kaiākiri i nga waho o te whenua. te ope a Yudenich, i runga i te anga ke, tamata ki tukua e te whakapaipai (rite ki te hua o te kāwanatanga Bolshevik oho ki Moscow). ka mau ia Tsarskoye selo, Gatchina ka haere mai ki nga wahi tiketike Pulkovo. i taea e ki te whakawhiti i te whakakorekore ki mua ngā Trotsky atu noatia nganatanga katoa ki te tiki mau o te pa ma.

Na roto i te mutunga o 1919, taui Yudenich ki Estonia. A marama torutoru i muri heke ia. Hoki etahi wa pau te whānui i roto i Rānana, i reira i tae mai ai ia e Winston Churchill. Svyknuvshis hinga, noho Yudenich i France, a ka maunu atu i te tōrangapū. I roto i te 1933, ka mate ia i roto i Cannes i mate kohi pūkahukahu.

Alexey Kaledin

A, no te whawhati te Oketopa Revolution i roto i, Aleksey Maksimovich Kaledin (1861-1918) ko he rangatira o nga hoia Don. I tenei pou i pōtitia ia he marama torutoru i mua i te mau ohipa i roto i mua. Nga pa Cossack, matua i roto i Rostov, i kaha aroha hoki nga Socialists. Ataman, i roto i te rerekē, ka kite te revolution Bolshevik o hara. Te fariiraa i rongo rarua i mua, patua ana e ia nga Sovietí i roto i te Kaihautū Don.

whakahaeretia Aleksey Maksimovich Kaledin i Novocherkassk. I roto i te Noema, i reira ka haere mai tetahi whānui ma - Mikhail Alekseev. Na, fluctuated nga Cossacks i roto i tona taimaha. He tokomaha e ngenge o nga hoia whawhai mahino pahono ki te pepeha Bolshevik. Etahi no ki he kūpapa kāwanatanga o Lenin. Riri ki nga te mua kihai i ite tata kahore.

Ngaro tumanako ki te hono ki te hurihanga o te Kāwanatanga Takitaro, haere Kaledin ki kaupae uruhi. whakapuakina e ia te motuhake o te Kaihautū Don. I roto i te whakautu ki tenei tutu Rostov mua. Ataman, ki te tautoko i Alekseeva, tāmia e ia te tauākī. I Don i whakaheke toto tuatahi.

I te mutunga o 1917 i hoatu Kaledin te haere-mua mo te hanganga o te anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army. I roto i Rostov puta rua ope whakarara. I runga i te ringa kotahi, ko reira te ma tianara Volunteer Army, i runga i te tahi atu - te Cossacks rohe. Tata atu pukuaroha ki te mua. I roto i te Hakihea, noho te Army Whero te Donbas me Taganrog. wae Cossack, takiwa, tino decomposed. Ite e kore ana kaiwhakahaere ake e hiahia ana ki te whawhai ki te mana Soviet, i Ataman mahi hoki i te whakamomori.

ataman Krasnov

I muri i te matenga o Kaledin Cossack roa I mamae tahi nga mua. A, no te whakapumautia te mana Don Soviet i, hohoro haere mai ki te kino whero hoia raina-mua o inanahi. Kua i Mei 1918, ka whawhati i te tutu i roto i roto i te Don.

New Ataman o te Don Cossacks ko Pita Krasnov (1869-1947). I roto i te whawhai ki a Germany ko Austria, ia, rite maha atu tianara ma nei whai wāhi i roto i te rongonui pakaruhanga Brusilov. Ki te hōia mua tukinotia tonu ki whakarihariha. Ko ia te tangata e ki runga ki nga whakahau a Kerensky tamata ki pehi kaitautoko o Lenin mua, ka tika rite te revolution Oketopa. noho kaha Iti Krasnov Tsarskoye selo ko Gatchina, engari hohoro karapotia te mua, a Pauhua ia.

I muri i te kore tuatahi o Pita Krasnov i taea ki te neke ki te Don. Hoko anti-Soviet rangatira Cossack, kihai ia ki te whakarongo ki te Denikin ka tamata ki te whai i tētahi kaupapa here motuhake. I roto i ngā, kua whakapumautia Krasnov hoa whanaunga ki te Tiamana.

Anake ka kauwhautia e ratou te tuku, taratahi Ataman i ngohengohe Denikin i Berlin. Commander i tino o te Army Volunteer kore roa aro ki te hoa nanakia. I roto i te Hui-tanguru 1919, i raro i te pēhanga i Krasnov Denikin haere ia ki te Yudenich ope i Estonia. heke atu ia i reira ki Europe.

Ka rite ki ki he tokomaha o nga kau taki o te kaupapa White, i roto i te whakarau, i te mua Cossack Ataman moe e pā ana ki te rematch. Ko to te mauahara o nga mua pana ia ki te tautoko o Hitler. i nga Tiamana Krasnov upoko o nga Cossacks i te whenua Russian i whakahoki. I muri i te hinganga o te Tuatoru Reich, tukuna te British Pyotr Nikolayevich USSR. I roto i te Soviet Union i tamata ia, ka whiua ki te mate. i mahi i Krasnov.

Ivan Romanovsky

Rākai i Ivan Pavlovich Romanovsky (1877-1920) ki te wā kingi i he wāhi i roto i te whawhai ki a Japan, me Germany. I te 1917 tautokona e ia te parau te taviniraa Kornilov ko Denikin i ki te hopu i roto i te pa o Bykhov. I muri neke ki te Don, uru Romanovsky i te hanganga o te tuatahi whakaritea ope anti-Bolshevik.

whakaritea General Denikin i tuarua a te mātakitaki tona tokotoko. Kei te whakapono te reira e a Romanovsky i runga i tona rangatira i te pānga nui. Ko te pai ai Denikin noa ko Ivan Pavlovich tona mono i roto i te hui o te mate ohorere.

No te mea o ratou hangatonu Romanovsky i te aroaro ki te maha atu rangatira hoia i roto i Dobrarmii, a ka i roto i VSYUR. kaupapa White i roto i Russia no ki a ia ambiguously. A, no te Denikin, muri Wrangel, mahue Romanovsky ratou pou katoa a hoki ana ki Istanbul. I roto i te taua pa i patua e ia Rūtene Mstislavom Haruzinym. Shooter, mahi hoki i roto i te Ope White, faataa tona mahi i te meka e vinyl Romanovsky VSYUR i hinga i roto i te pakanga kaiākiri.

Sergei Markov

ka te Volunteer Army Sergey Leonidovich Markov (1878-1918) i te hero fifi. huaina tona ingoa ko wiki me ngā hōia tae. ka mohiotia Mark mo tona taranata rauhanga, me o ratou ake itoito, i faaite ia i roto i nga whawhai ki te Army Whero. Te mau melo o te kaupapa White ki feaa ngā tukinotia ki te mahara o tenei whānui.

haurongo Military Markov ki te wā kingi i angamaheni o te reira rangatira. uru ia i roto i te pakanga Japanese. I runga i te mua Tiamana, i whakahau ia ki he wiki raiwhara, a ka meinga upoko o nga amo o te maha akina ana. I roto i te raumati o 1917 tautokona Markov Kornilov me tahi ki ētahi atu tianara White heke mai i raro i hopu i roto i Bykhov.

I te timatanga o te whawhai ā, oho te hōia ki te tonga o Russia. Ko ia he mema tuatahi o te Army Volunteer. hanga Markov he koha nui ki te mea ma i roto i te Ice Maehe. I te po o Aperira 16, 1918 ko ia ki he rōpū iti o tūao mau a Medvedovku - he teihana tereina nui, te wahi ngaro tūao te tereina Armoured Soviet, a ka whawhati i roto o te encirclement, a haere ana i te whakatoi. hua whawhai ko te whakaoranga o te ope a Denikin, i tika hanga te huaki kāore i Ekaterinodar me i te pareparenga o te hinga.

hanga Markova feat ia he aito ki ma, me te oati he hoariri mo nga Whero. E rua marama i muri mai, ka mau te Tianara pūmanawa wahi i roto i te Kuban ino. Tawhio noa te pa Shablievki tutaki wahi ki nga ope pai o te hoariri. I roto i te hoê taime nō mo koe kua puta Markov i te tuwhera, te wahi kua rite rawa ai te wāhi kitea. E ai ki te tūranga o te ahi i whakatuwheratia i te Army Whero tereina Armoured. Tata Sergey piti Leonidovich pohu, i meinga ia he patunga tahuti. A haora torutoru i muri, Hune 26, 1918, kua mate te hōia.

Petr Vrangel

Petr Nikolaevich Vrangel haere mai (1878-1928), hoki e mohiotia ana te Baron Black, i te utuafare pai, a i pakiaka hono ki nga Tiamana Paratiki. I mua i te riroraa i te hoia, riro ia he mātauranga engineering. Minamina hoki te whawhai, Heoi, ka kaha ia, a haere ana a Pita ki ako i te trooper.

ko te whawhai ki a Japan pakanga tuatahi Wrangel. I roto i te Ao Tuatahi, mahi ia i roto i te tiaki Horse. Distinguished e rave rahi mahi, hei tauira i roto i taua pūhiko German te horo. Kia i runga i te mua te tonga-hauauru, ka mau te rangatira wahi i roto i te pakaruhanga Brusilov rongonui.

I roto i te Hui-tanguru Revolution Petro tohe ki te tonoa ngā hōia ki mua. I roto i tenei kāwanatanga wā ki te tango ia ia i te mahi. oho Black Baron ki te dacha i te Crimea, te wahi i hopukina ia e nga mua. whakahaere rangatira nui ora whakawhetai anake ki nga inoi o tana wahine ki te.

Ko te rangatira me te tautoko o te arikitanga, mo Wrangel White whakaaro ko tūranga uncontested i roto i te Pakanga Civil. piri ia Denikin. mahi rangatira Military i roto i te Ope Caucasian, arahina te hopu o Tsaritsyn. I muri i te hinganga o te Army White i roto i te hīkoi i runga i Moscow Wrangel timata ki te faaino tona rangatira Denikin. arahina te pakanga ki te haerenga poto o General i Istanbul.

I maoro hoki Petro ki Russia. I roto i te puna o 1920, i pōtitia ia rangatira o te ope Russian. Tona turanga ko te matua Crimea. Ko te kūrae ko te Bastion whakamutunga o te whawhai ture ma. i āraia atu Wrangel ope e rave rahi mau aroraa o te mua, engari i roto i te mutunga rahua.

I roto i te whakarau, i ora ai te Baron Black i roto i Belgrade. i whakaturia e ia a ahu te EMRO - Russian Military Union, ka whakawhiti i te reira ki tetahi o nga rangatira nui Nikolai Nikolaevich. Taimi nounou ki mu'a tona mate, mahi rite he kaipūkaha, oho Pyotr Wrangel ki Brussels. I reira ka mate ia o te mate kohi i te tau 1928.

Anaru Shkuro

Andrey Grigorevich Shkuro (1887-1947) ko he whenua-whanau Kuban mua. Ka rite ki haere te tangata taitama ki te ope roiroi koura ki Siberia. I whawhai ki a te Kaiser Germany Shkuro hanga he ope pakanga mō te maia tapaina a "Wolf kotahi rau."

I roto i te Oketopa 1917, pōtitia te Cossack i roto i te Pāremata rohe Kuban. Te riroraa i te monarchist i tui, ia tōraro ähua ki te rongo o te haere mai ki te kaha o nga mua. timata Shkuro ki uaua ki commissars whero, ka kore i tokomaha o nga kau taki o te kaupapa White ano i te wā ki te whakapuaki reo ratou. I roto i te Hōngongoi 1918, peia Anaru G. me tona ope ki nga mua i Stavropol.

I roto i te ngahuru o Cossack tu i te matenga o te hoia tuatahi o nga faatere o Kislovodsk, ka - te Caucasian Cavalry Division. Tumuaki Shkuro ko Anton Ivanovich Denikin. I roto i Ukraine, whawhati te hōia he ropu Nestora Mahno. Na ka mau ia ki tetahi wahi i roto i te hīkoi i runga i Moscow. i whawhai Shkuro mo Kharkov me Voronezh. I roto i tenei pa, toremi tona pakanga.

Whakarerea i te ope Budyonny, hanga Rūtene-Tianara reira ki Novorossiysk. rere ia i reira ki te Crimea. I roto i te ope o Wrangel Shkuro kore ahau mau i runga i te mea o te pakanga ki te Baron Black. Ka rite ki te hua, ko te rangatira ma i roto i te whakarau noa i mua i te wikitoria oti o te Army Whero.

noho Shkuro i Paris me Yugoslavia. A, no te timata II 'a Māmaní, ia, rite Krasnov, tautoko nga kau Nasí i roto i to ratou pakanga ki nga mua. Shkuro ko SS Gruppenführer me i roto i tenei kaha whawhai ia ki te nö Yugoslav. I muri i te hinganga o te Tuatoru Reich, tamata ia ki te wahi i ki te rohe e nohoia e te British. I roto i te Linz, tukuna tahi Ateria Ingarangi Shkuro ki tokomaha atu rangatira. i tamata White rangatira me Petrom Krasnovym ka whiua ki te mate.